Chapter One Introduction
1.1Research objectives
随着中国在世界经济领域的地位越来越重要，中国的问题，特别是经济问题，已经获得了全世界新闻媒体的极大关注。2011年11月11日是中国的10周年，成功加入世界贸易组织。一些国家已经写了大量的新闻报道，使在这个问题上的意见。但不乏远离正义和加载具有强烈的政治偏见的新闻报道。有歪曲事实的端口明目张胆地混淆是非。应用了大量的语法隐喻，那些新闻报道具有较强的思想观念落后，表面上高度影响读者的判断的客观性和公正。应特别注意支付到语法隐喻（GM）揭露隐藏的含义。有些设备需要揭示如何GM输送思想在新闻报道中扮演重要的角色。批评话语分析（CDA），通过语言来揭示的某些利益集团的意识形态是如何传播的一个有力手段。由于通用汽车公司丰富的英语新闻，笔者想探讨的特殊的语言形式 - 通用的英语新闻和其意识形态的功能是如何实现从CDA角度分析其影响。With China’s increasing important status in the world economic domain, Chineseproblems, especially the economic problems, have gained much attention from news mediaworldwide. November 11, 2011 is the China’s 10-year anniversary to join the WTOsuccessfully. Some countries have written lots of news reports to make comments on the issue.But there is no lack of news reports far from justice and loaded with strong political bias. Thereports which distort facts brazenly confuse right and wrong. Applying a large quantity ofgrammatical metaphors, those news reports have strong ideological sense behind objectivityand justice on the surface which highly influences the judgement of the readers. Specialattention should be paid to grammatical metaphor (GM) to expose the hidden meaning. Somedevices are needed to reveal how GM plays roles in conveying ideology in the news reports.Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), a powerful means to see through the language toreveal how ideology of a certain interests group is transmitted. Since GM abounds in Englishnews, the author wants to study the particular linguistic form--GM to analyze its influence onEnglish news and how its ideological functions are realized from the perspective of CDA.
以往的研究，无论是研究通用汽车本身在英语新闻或从的角度分析英语新闻的批评性话语分析。此外，对转基因的研究主要集中在分析其语言特点，而不是发现意识形态GM反映，而大多数研究旨在揭露意识形态只从政治和社会的角度，而不是从一个特定的角度，语言现象。也很少有研究涉及两个角度------通用汽车和CDA分析英语新闻。据我所知，没有个的研究转基因的表现在意识形态方面，从这个角度详细的CDA。这是不同于上述研究的研究特征。在本研究中，选择10件10周年当天中国的访问将WTO视为尸体的新闻报道，笔者试图找出之间的关系，通用汽车公司和其意识形态的功能和描述通用的表现形式。此外，通过详细的定量和定性分析，笔者试图以提供非英语会话的读者提供一些技巧，以确定对GM在英语新闻报道的现象，并帮助他们发现背后隐藏的含义。Previous researches either study GM itself in English news or analyze English news fromthe perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis. Besides, the researches on GM mostly focus onanalyzing its linguistic characteristics instead of discovering the ideology GM reflects; whilemost researches aimed at exposing ideology are only from the political and social perspectiveinstead of from an angle of a specific linguistic phenomenon. And also few researches relatethe two perspectives ------ GM and CDA to analyze English news. As far as I know, none ofthem studies manifestations of GM in the aspect of ideology in details from the perspective ofCDA. That’s the feature of the study different from above studies.In the present research, selecting 10 pieces of news reports about 10-year anniversary ofChina’s access to the WTO as the corpse, the author tries to find out the relationship betweenGM and its ideological functions and describe the manifestations of GM. In addition, throughthe detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis, the author tries to provide the non-nativeEnglish readers with some skills to identify the GM phenomena in the English news reportsand help them to discover the hidden meanings behind.
1.2 Data collection and methodology
The author selects 10 English news discourses mainly from three foreign popular periodicals, The New York Times and Washington Post in United States and The Economist inthe United Kingdom as the data of the present study. The news discourses in the corpse arerelated to China’s 10-year anniversary of its entry into the WTO. It’s not difficult for us to getthese news discourses from their newspapers and through their websites.First quantitative analysis is to show the total occurrences and the proportion of each kindof grammatical metaphor. The total occurrences of all the grammatical metaphors and theproportion of each kind of grammatical metaphor in the news reports will be calculatedobjectively. Qualitative analysis is carried out based on the quantitative analysis. Each kind ofgrammatical metaphor will be identified and explored. The specific examples of grammaticalmetaphor from news reports are analyzed to help the readers identify in what ways they existand how they play their ideological functions.
1.3General framework of the thesis
The thesis includes five chapters:Chapter one is the introduction to research objectives, data collection, methodology andgeneral framework of the thesis.Chapter two is literature review. In this part, GM and CDA theory are reviewed. Alsoprevious studies on English news reports are reviewed.Chapter three lists the theoretical framework of grammatical metaphor theory and criticaldiscourse analysis theory.Chapter four makes the detailed analysis of the 10 pieces of news reports in the corpus.Halliday’s GM theory and CDA perspective will be applied in this part to the analysis of theselected corpse.Chapter five is conclusion. The major findings and contributions of the research aresummarized. The limitations and the directions of the future research are proposed.
Chapter Two Literature Review
Literature review of the present study consists of the following three parts. First comestudies of GM both abroad and at home, then studies of CDA and end with studies of Englishnews reports.
2.1 Studies of grammatical metaphor (GM)
Before we take up the task of detailed investigations, a few words must be said about bothforeign and Chinese scholars’ grammatical study they have done.
2.1.1 Foreign scholars’ grammatical metaphor study
Halliday first puts forward the idea of grammatical metaphor in his book An Introductionto Functional Grammar which sets up a milestone in the study of grammatical metaphor andopens an era of conscious study of grammatical metaphor. In his book, Halliday explores thetheory of grammatical metaphor from three new aspects: nature, function and classification. Heillustrates his ideas as “lexical selection is just one aspect of lexicogrammatical selection, orwording, and that metaphorical variation is lexico-grammatical rather than simply lexical”(Halliday, 1994:341). At the same time, he points out that “many metaphors can be located inlexical expression, but even with these, there is often grammatical variation accompanyingthem” (Halliday, 1994:341). Finally, he draws a conclusion as following:“There is a strong grammatical element in rhetorical transference; and once we haverecognized this we find that there is also such a thing as grammatical metaphor, where thevariation is essentially in the grammatical forms although often entailing some lexical variationas well.”(Halliday, 1994:342)Based on the exploration on the nature of grammatical metaphor, he pided it into twokinds: ideational grammatical metaphor and interpersonal grammatical metaphor. He furtherlyelaborated the functions of the two kinds of metaphor in detail from the perspective oflinguistics. His contribution to GM theory is unsurpassed.Martin, a follower of Halliday, highlights the theory of grammatical metaphor bydistinguishing congruent metaphorical realizations from incongruent metaphorical realization.According to Martin, “a congruent relationship is one in which the relationship betweensemantic and grammatical categories is natural: people, places and things are realizednominally; actions are realized verbally; logical relations of time and consequence are realizedconjunctively, and so on.” (Martin, 1991:328)
Chapter Three Theoretical Background.......... 25-35
3.1 Halliday’s grammatical metaphor theory.......... 25-30
3.2 Critical discourse analysis theory.......... 30-35
3.2.1 Definition and development of CDA.......... 31-32
3.2.2 CDA and Ideology ..........32-33
3.2.3 Application of CDA in news discourse.......... 33-35
Chapter Four Analysis of Grammatical Metaphor in Corpu.......... 35-56
4.1 Quantitative analysis of grammatical metaphor ..........35-39
4.1.1 Quantitative analysis of ideational GM in corpse ..........36-38
4.1.2 Quantitative analysis of interpersonal GM .......... 38-39
4.2 Qualitative analysis of GM’s ideological function..........39-52
4.3 Manifestations of GM’s ideological function.......... 52-56
4.3.1 Derogatory function of grammatical metaphor ..........53-54
4.3.2 Persuasive function of grammatical metaphor.......... 54
4.3.3 Inductive function of grammatical metaphor.......... 54-56
Chapter Five Conclusion ..........56-59
5.1 Summary and results ..........56-57
5.2 Contributions of the thesis..........57
5.3 Limitations and suggestions ..........57-59
Conclusion
The present thesis mainly has two contributions:Firstly, there are abundant studies on GM in linguistics and cognitive science. Theymainly focus on characteristics and classifications of GM itself. Among them, some researcheshave mentioned the ideological functions of GM; however, as far as I know, none of themstudied manifestations of GM in the aspect of ideology in details. In fact, only when readerscompletely master manifestations of GM in the aspect of ideology, can they really gain insightof reporters’ real intentions or underlying meanings, thus accurately grasp reporters’ dominanttheme or central idea and value orientation. By using CDA approach to analyze GMphenomenon in 10 English news reports about 10-year anniversary of China’s access to WTO,the paper generalizes manifestations of GM in the aspect of ideology and summarizessomething of regularity. This can be seen as the unique aspect of the thesis. What’s more, theauthor tentatively generalizes manifestations of GM as derogatory, persuasive, and inductivefunctions.Secondly, the thesis tries to provide the common readers with a critical reading meanswhen they read foreign periodicals, especially the articles concerned with China. As the thesisshows, GMs are used in a large quantity in order to make the reports objective and reliable. Sowhen readers have some concept of GM and GM’s manifestations in the aspect of ideology,they can recognize the linguistic devices and read news reports critically; they can understandthe reporters’ underlying meanings and they can comprehend the dominant theme of newsreports.
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