本文是一篇英语论文，在中国翻译史上，许多伟大的翻译家和作家都做出了巨大的贡献，他们提出的一些翻译思想极大地推动了中国翻译研究的发展。然而，严复的翻译理论不仅为译者指明了方向，而且反映了中国翻译活动拯救国家的根本目的。
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Research Background and Significance
1.1.1 Research Background
General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered a keynote speech at the United Nations Headquarters in Geneva on January 18, 2017, saying, “Each civilization with its own unique charm and profound heritage is a spiritual treasure of mankind. Different civilizations should draw on each other’s strengths and make common progress, so that exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations will become a driving factor for human progress and a bond for world peace. ” (Xi Jinping, 2017) This statement by General Secretary Xi clearly shows that in this unprecedented era of globalization, exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations are an important driving force for the progress of human civilization and the peaceful development of the world. We need not only to inherit and carry forward the quintessence of traditional Chinese culture, but also to learn and incorporate what is best in western culture with an open mind. However, the input of excellent foreign literary works is inseparable from high-quality translations.
英语论文参考
Agatha Christie, a famous British detective novelist, known as the “Queen of Detective Fiction ”, has a profound impact on the development of world detective literature. On the basis of inheriting the classical detective novel pioneered by Allan Poe, she surpassed Conan Doyle, the “Father of Detective Fiction”, leading detective novel to the “Golden Age”, and expanding the capacity of the detective novel to a broader range. She expands the narrative space and artistic expressiveness of detective fiction by creating novels.（Bian Shanshan 2008：12）Her world-famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Jane Marple transformed the image of the detective in fiction. She not only uses logical reasoning to solve the problem of crime, but also shows a certain concern about “what’s the cause of the crime”. At the same time, she pioneered the classic intrigue model in speculative fiction, such as “Snowstorm Villa Mode” (or “Island Mode” ) and “Nursery Rhymes Mode” in And Then There Were None, “Country House Mode” in The Mysterious Affair at Styles, “Psychological Suspense Mode” in Murder On the Orient Express, “Hidden Motive Mode” in The A.B.C Murders and “Unexpectedly the Murderer Mode” in The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. These pioneering puzzles and routine design gave endless inspiration to the later generations, and provided reference and inspiration to the later writers' detective fiction creation.
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1.2 Literature Review
1.2.1 Previous Studies on the Translation of Agatha’s Novels in China
Since Agatha’s works were translated into China during the Republic of China period, they have gone through a long process of more than 80 years. These works have been favored by readers and enjoyed enduring popularity.
During the Republic of China period, Li Huining’s translation of Agatha’s short story The Third Floor Flat (1929) was published in the literary magazine Detective (January 15, 1939), No. 6, which opened the translation of Agatha’s novel in China. However, the turbulent situation at that time could not provide an ideal environment for translating literature, so the translation of Agatha’s novels in China during the Republic of China made a quiet debut, but it provided an opportunity for Chinese readers to appreciate the charm of Agatha’s novels. After the founding of New China, due to the social background from the 1960s to the reform and opening up, the translation of Western literary works in China basically stopped, and Agatha’s novels were regarded as “poisonous weeds” and excluded from the vision of Chinese readers. In the 1970s, Death on the Nile (1937), adapted from world-renowned director Paul Dan, was introduced by the Shanghai Film Translation Studio in 1978. After the translation was released in 1979, it quickly set off a boom in China. As her image of Poirot spread widely across the country, Agatha’s other works were translated into China. In the 80s and 90s, there was a boom in the translation of Agatha’s novels. Since 2000, the translation of Agatha’s novels has continued to rise. With the cultural persity, the enthusiasm of translators and publishers, the quality of translation and publication of Agatha’s works has also risen steadily. The translations of this period properly reflect the key factors such as scenes, characters, and plots in the original work, are closer to the readers’ reading habits, fit the their reading interests, stimulate their enthusiasm for reading, and further promote the reading boom of Agatha’s detective novels, and the translation and dissemination forms show a trend of persification and high quality. Agatha’s books have been translated into 103 languages and sold more than 2 billion copies abroad.
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Chapter Two Theoretical Basis and Analytical Framework
2.1 Yan Fu’s Translation Criteria
2.1.1 Background of Yan Fu’s Criteria of “Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance”
The national crisis became more serious in China after the Sino-Japanese War, but at this time, Yan Fu, the most outstanding translation theorist in modern China, appeared. Kang Youwei said that he was “the first Chinese scholar who translates Evolution and Ethics and study western academia.” (Chen Fukang, 2011: 81) Cai Yuanpei said, “In the past fifty years, those who have introduced western translation philosophy should push Yan Fu, whose courtesy name is Ji Dao and comes from Houguan, for the first” (Chen Fukang, 2011: 83) Yan Fu is an epoch-making translator who has studied both Chinese and Western learning in the history of modern translation, and is also a pioneer in China’s first complete translation standard. Yan Fu’s translation works and theories are closely related to the era in which he lived.
Yan Fu (1854-1921) was a native of Hou Guan, Fujian (present-day Fuzhou). Yan Fu lost his father at the age of 14 and his family was poor. He was admitted to Foochow Shipbuilding Istitution to learn English and navigation. In 1877, he went to England and France, during which his studies not only strengthened his translation skills, but also had a great influence on the development of ideas throughout his life. Because at that time, Britain was a relatively developed capitalist country, and Britain and France were the most developed countries in the western social sciences. The fiasco in China in the Sino-Japanese War woke Yan Fu up, and he advocated the promotion of western learning to save the country. His 1897 translation of Evolution and Ethics (by Huxley) made him come to prominence. Later, he translated An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (by Adam Smith) and others, becoming the first person in modern China to translate and systematically introduce westernideas, cultures and systems. (Chen Fukang 2011:37)
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2.2 The Contemporary Values of Yan Fu’s Translation Criteria
Mr. Xu Yuanchong said in the Standards of Translation, “in 1898, Yan Fu said in the introductory remarks of the translation of Evolution and Ethics, The Three Difficulties of Translation: Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance. Later, they were used as the criteria for translation. In today’s terms, ‘Xin’ means faithfulness and accuracy, ‘Da’ means smoothness, and ‘Ya’ means quaint writing. Yan Fu lived in an era of classical Chinese; today, when the vernacular language is used, the word ‘Ya’ is no longer limited to the originalmeaning of quaintness, but should refer to the meaning of paying attention to rhetoric. Among the three criteria of translation, I believe that ‘Xin’ and ‘Da’ are necessary conditions for translation, that is, the translation cannot be unfaithful to the content of the original text, and the translation cannot have an unsmooth form; but the advantage of carrying forward the translated language is a sufficient condition, that is, the translation cannot carry forward the advantages of the translated language, but the translation that carries forward the advantages of the translated language is a better translation.”(Xu Yuanchong, 2006:37-38.)
Although “Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance” has certain research value, like other translation theories, it also needs to have new ideas and new concepts constantly injected into it. On this basis, the famous translator Liu Chongde condensed “Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance” theory and Tytler’s “Three Principles”, and put forward the translation principle of “Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Closeness” according to his years of translation practice and experience, which not only enriched the domestic translation theory, but also inspired many domestic translation theory researchers. “Faithfulness”: remain the content of the source text; “Expressiveness”: the translation is smooth and clear; “Closeness”: be suitable and fit the style of the original text” (Liu Chongde, 1983: 10). In fact, Yan Fu’s theory is basically consistent with Taylor and Liu Chongde.
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CHAPTER THREE A COMPARATIVE STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LEXICAL ANALYSIS ................. 19
3.1 COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS ABOUT TRANSLATIONS ....................... 19
3.1.1 From the perspective of Faithfulness ......................... 19
3.1.2 From the Perspective of Expressiveness ....................... 24
CHAPTER FOUR A COMPARATIVE STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS ................ 34
4.1 COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS ABOUT TRANSLATIONS ....................... 34
4.1.1 From the Perspective of Faithfulness ............................. 34
4.1.2 From the Perspective of Expressiveness ............................... 35
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION .......................... 43
5.1 MAJOR FINDINGS ................................. 43
5.2 LIMITATIONS ............................. 44
5.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES ....................... 44
Chapter Four A Comparative Study from the Perspective of Syntactic Analysis
4.1 Comparison and Analysis about Translations
4.1.1 From the Perspective of Faithfulness
It mainly refers to the situation that the meaning of the whole sentence is completely contradictory due to the deviation of the understanding of inpidual words. Such cases occur in both translations.
Example 18：
Source Text:
There was nothing to mar its old-world beauty; the new buildings and additions were out of sight round the corner.
Target Text:
Translation 1:没有任何俗物可以破坏这座房子的古典美——拐弯过去才是新房子和加盖的部分。（宫英海，P6）
Translation 2:这座庄园有着无可比拟的古典美，新式建筑和附加的房屋都隐没在拐角后面。（张乐敏，P8）
Translation Analysis:
The original meaning is: the new buildings and their attachments can't contain the classical beauty of the old house. In the original text, the prepositional structure “out of sight ” is a fixed phrase that originally meant “看不见；在视野之外；在看不见的地方”. Mr. Gong took the method of skimming the phrase directly without translating; Mr. Zhang converted the preposition “out of” into the verb “隐没在”. The methods taken by the two are different. From the perspective of the whole sentence, Zhang’s translation can be faithful to the original text, without destroying the content of the original text, the two sub-sentences before and after the translation are more natural and symmetrical, and the reading is more connected in line with the logic of the sentence; while the translation of Mr. Gong completely violates the original intention, presents a completely different meaning from the original text, and does not meet the criterion of “Faithfulness”.
英语论文怎么写
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Chapter Five Conclusion
5.1 Major Findings
Translation is the transformation between two languages that carry culture. Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing believe that “in a broad sense, language is a symbolic representation of human beings, including historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their way of life and way of thinking” (Deng Yanchang, Liu Runqing, 1989). Nida argued that “the influence of culture on the meaning of words and idioms is so pervasive that its profound meaning can hardly be fully understood without careful consideration of its cultural context” (Nida, 1993:273). Therefore, in the Chinese-English translation, only by understanding the internal relationship between language and culture can we change the way of thinking when translating, so that the translated text conforms to the grammar, habitual expression and stylistic style of the target language.
In the history of Chinese translation, many great translators and writers have made great contributions, and some of the translation ideas they put forward have greatly promoted Chinese translation research. However, Yan Fu’s translation theory not only points out the direction for translators, but also reflects the fundamental purpose of Chinese translation activities to save the nation. Despite some controversy, it represents the development direction of Chinese translation in the period of cultural transformation, providing a cornerstone for future generations to explore and study. On the basis of Yan Fu’s theory, the two translation strategies of literal translation and paraphrasing are not opposites, and translators should make choices according to the needs of the translation, and do not stick to a certain translation method.
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