评价理论视域下鲁迅小说《呐喊》文化负载词英译对比之英语研究

本文是一篇英语论文，本研究结果如下：（1）评价资源是相互依存的，其中态度资源占据主导地位，其次是等级资源，最后是参与资源。另外，判断资源的配置也高于戏剧系统的子系统。此外，在态度资源量上，正评价资源略多于负评价资源。（2）在实现三个译本的评价意义上，莱尔实现了评价意义的最大对等性，扬次之，洛威尔之。（3）关于各类别文化负载术语中评估资源的实现，在三种翻译中，杨在生态计算负载术语和物质文化负载术语中实现了最多的评估资源，其次是Lyell和Lovellin序列。

CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Research
Translation, in essence, is a cross-cultural communication, so it is necessary togive full play to the role of translation as a bridge of cultural communication.Translation studies is not limited to the contrast of texts and the analysis of languages,but incorporates a cultural factor which cannot be ignored. At present, it has been thenation’s goal to promote Chinese culture by translation. Culture-loaded terms areinvested with a country’s characteristic culture, so appropriate translation of suchwords is crucial to cultural communication. In order to achieve smoothcommunication, the translation of culture-loaded terms should be precise in language,and take on the responsibility of cultural communication.
Lu Hsun’s novels are not only the classics of Chinese literature, but alsotranslated into many languages, spreading throughout the West, which represent thepeak of modern Chinese novels and have considerable influence both at home andabroad. Na Han is one of the most representative works of Lu Hsun, which is acollection of 14 short stories, including The True Story of Ah-Q, A Madman’s Diary,The Village Opera, etc. By describing beliefs, marriage, material and spiritual aspectsduring the New Culture Movement, the novel reveals the profound implicationsbehind the folklore events and the tragic fate of the protagonist who suffers from thatperiod. The True Story of Ah-Q in Na Han was interpreted into English, French andRussian in 1925, and then Japanese and German version came out in 1928. With tasteof senses and freshness of skill conception, though short, the collection can fullyreflect the writing style and language features of Lu Hsun. Generally speaking, peopleall over the world give high praise to Lu Hsun and his works. He is regarded as themost outstanding and creative writer in China. His works are also representative ofChinese culture, thus translation studies of his novels has been particularly topical inthe translation academia of China.
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1.2 Significance of the Research
Appraisal Theory belongs to interpersonal function in the metafunction theory ofHalliday’s functional linguistics, while it updates the content of interpersonal function.According to Liu Shizhu (2012), in the process of translation, the transmission ofappraisal meaning involves recognition and analysis at various levels, such as context,lexical grammar, syntax and semantics. Thus, it is practicable to do translation studyon the lexical level under Appraisal Theory with the premise of context. By collectingthe articles about Appraisal Theory and translation studies in CNKI, the researcherfinds that Appraisal Theory is mostly used in the discourse analysis while there arerare translation studies of culture-loaded terms under the framework of AppraisalTheory. For that reason, this research could be considered as a new attempt to expandthe application of Appraisal Theory in the translation of culture-loaded terms based onthe context.
On the contrary, as a up-to-date lexico-grammatical framework to exploreinterpersonal meaning, Appraisal Theory provides solid theoretic basis for the studyof the translation of culture-loaded terms in Na Han, so the translation study ofculture-loaded terms from Appraisal Theory is simultenously essential to widen theappliable range of Appraisal Theory. By exploring translation equivalence andevaluating the translation quality of the culture-loaded terms, the best version for NaHan which fulfills the equivalence of interpersonal meaning will be easy to find out.
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CHATER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 An Overview of Appraisal Theory
According to Martin and White, Appraisal Theory is originally concerned withthree different interacting domains: Attitude System, which refers to feelings andstance the speaker has to what the receiver says or reads; “Attitude is itself pidedinto three regions of feeling, ‘affect’, ‘judgement’ and ‘appreciation’” (Martin andWhite, 2005, p.35). Affect is associative with our emotions, containing reactions to thesituations people experience and people’s desires for something. Judgement refers toevaluations of behavior with regard to different standard social rules. Appreciationevaluates the worth of natural circumstance, process or product. Engagement System,which is mainly related to the different resources used by the speaker to regulate theinterpersonal meaning; that is to say, Engagement involves resources such as modality,prediction, compromise, opposition, and all manner of remark adverbials position.Graduation System, which are primarily adopted to grade the force of interpersonalmeaning of the speaker’s utterances and the degree of the focus that amplifies or blursthe boundary of the categories. All the above can be summarized in Figure 3-1.
It is nowadays well acknowledged that most of the linguistic models could befulfilled to the related translation studies. Translation studies, struggling in the past,now marks a territory in academia, which brings together linguistic approaches with acommon phenomenon systematically and comprehensively. Accordingly,understanding the nature of language is vital to the field of translation studies. Seeinglanguage as a system for meaning-making, Appraisal Theory supplies a useful set oftools to investigate language and the meanings in a communicative context. Thus,with its object being the text and the meanings which are encoded in the text, theinsightful and comprehensive tool for the examination of texts can be used fortranslation purposes.

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2.2 Studies on Appraisal Theory Applied in Translation Studies
2.2.1 Studies Abroad
Appraisal Theory, proposed by J.R. Martin, extends the interpersonal functionthat is one of the three meta-functions of Systematic-Functional Linguistics. Thatinvolves the negotiable attitudes that are evaluated, the ways in which the intensity ordirectness of attitudinal utterance is strengthened or weakened, and the positions andreaders are aligned. Martin & Rose (2003) illustrated the theory in detail and form theframework systematically to analyze the ideational meaning, the interpersonalmeaning and the textual meaning. However, the application of Appraisal Theory hasnot gained much attention, particularly in terms of the field of translation. TheLanguage of Evaluation: Appraisal in English is considered as a milestone whichembodies the full bloom in the development of Appraisal Theory. With thesystematization of Appraisal Theory, it began to be applied into different domains oflinguistics as well as translations studies involved.
An amount of researches have been carried out concerning translation studiesbased on Appraisal Theory. Ochi (2008) described the resources of interpersonalmeanings and the register-specific resources that represent the reporter’s assessmentin news reports of both English and Japanese versions. Ochi looked at two modes ofprojection, namely ideational and interpersonal projection, describing the linguisticresources that determine the specific strategies of assessment in English and Japaneserespectively. Appraisal Theory is used as a part of the description of the interpersonalsemantic system assessment. Although examples provided in the paper are limited, thepaper suggests that the interpersonal meaning in Japanese news reporting cannot befully conveyed when it is translated into English.
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CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK............................................16
3.1 Attitude of Appraisal Theory.....................................16
3.1.1 Affect..........................................16
3.1.2 Judgement.......................................18
CHAPTER FOUR THE APPRAISAL ANALYSIS OF THE CULTURE-LOADEDTERMS IN THREE ENGLISH VERSIONS OF NAHAN......................................25
4.1 Culture-loaded Terms in Na Han...................................25
4.2 Comparative Analysis of Attitude Resources..........................27
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION.........................................60
5.1 Research Findings and Implications..................................60
5.2 Research Limitations..........................................61

CHAPTER FOURTHE APPRAISAL ANALYSIS OF THE CULTURE-LOADED TERMS IN THREEENGLISH VERSIONS OF NA HAN

4.1 Culture-loaded Terms in Na Han
Culture-loaded terms are the most dynamic and straight language sections thatdirectly indicate the national culture. As the basic unit of language, it is one the mostimportant components in Chinese culture. In Language Culture and Translating byEugene A. Nida (1993), culture-loaded terms refer to the terms which convey culturalinformation, which generated from specific cultural connotations in a certain nationalor local culture, such as geographical environment, diet, clothing, traditional customs,religious culture, address terms, idioms, allegorical sayings, proverbs, catchphrases,historical allusions, etc. Thus, it brings difficulties to translation because of theuniqueness and complexity. According to Nida (1993), it can be generated that culturecan be pided into five categories according to cultural factors, namely linguisticculture, material culture, ecological culture, religious culture, and social culture. Thusit can be correspondingly applied to the classification of culture-loaded terms, namelylinguistic culture-loaded terms, material culture-loaded terms, ecologicalculture-loaded terms, religious culture-loaded terms, and social culture-loaded terms.
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CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSION
5.1 Research Findings and Implications
Based on Appraisal Theory, the study makes a thorough exploration into thetranslation of the culture-loaded terms in Na Han. Appraisal Theory provides clearinterpersonal parameters to test the equivalence of translation, and more objectivejudgment is obtained. In the process of translation, equivalence counts most, andtherefore the interpersonal equivalence is the leading part in the research. From theperspective of Appraisal Theory, the major findings of this research can be illustratedas follows:
1. As for the distribution of the appraisal resources in the culture-loaded terms,we can find that the appraisal resources are abundant, among which the Attituderesources take the leading position, Graduation the second and Engagement the last.In addition, the proportion of the Judgement resources is higher than that in thesub-pisions of the Attitude system. Besides, the positive appraisal resources areslightly more than the negative ones in the amount of Attitude resources.
2. For the realization of appraisal meanings in the target text, Lyell realizes themost equivalence of the attitude resources, which is followed by Yang’s version andthen Lovell’s version. Lyell realizes the Attitude resources slightly more than Yang,much more than Lovell. As for the engagement resources, it is achieved the most inLyell’s version, behind which are Yang’s and Lovell’s. Both of Yang and Lovellachieve the same equivalence. Finally, Yang’s version reserves the graduationresources to the fullest extent. The following is Lovell’s and Lyell’s versions, in whichLyell achieves the equivalence slightly more than Lovell. All in all, Lyell achieves themost equivalence of the appraisal meaning, Yang the next and Lovell the last.
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