作者:马强,张方信,赵丽,陈嘉屿
【摘要】 目的: 探讨乳杆菌(LA)对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠肠黏膜的影响及相关机制. 方法: 30只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、UC模型组、LA预防组, 每组10只. 采用葡聚糖硫酸钠制作UC大鼠模型; LA预防组在造模前7 d给予LA灌肠, 观察各组大鼠粪便性状及光学镜下大肠黏膜的改变. 采用RTPCR检测IL1β,TNFα和IL8表达. 结果: 正常对照组粪便正常, 黏膜腺体结构完整,无炎细胞浸润. UC模型组从最初出现腹泻,发展到肉眼血便,组织切片也证实了腺体破坏、炎细胞浸润、绒毛脱落等炎症损伤. LA预防组较UC模型组的炎症程度明显减轻,TNFα, IL1β和IL8的mRNA表达显著低于UC模型组(P&<0.05). 结论: LA具有预防UC作用,其机制可能与下调TNFα, IL1β和IL8的表达有关.
【关键词】 大鼠;乳杆菌;结肠炎,溃疡性
【Abstract】 AIM: To observe the effect of Lactobacillus on colonic mucosa in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC) and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Thirty SD rats were randomly pided into 3 groups: normal control group, UC model group and Lactobacillus pretreated group, 10 rats per group. UC model in rat was induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Lactobacillus pretreated group were given a clyster containing Lacidophilus for 7 d before modeling. The changes in the properties of dejecta and colonic mucosa of rats were observed under a light microscope. The expressions of TNFα, IL1β and IL8 mRNA were detected by RTPCR. RESULTS: Control groups feces were normal and glands structures were intact and no inflammatory cells invaded in colonic mucosa. The rats in UC model group appeared diarrhea originally and developed bloody dejecta that could be observed by naked eye, and the tissue section observation revealed that glands were destroyed, inflammatory cells invaded and flosses shed in colonic mucosa. Lactobacillus pretreated group was lighter significantly than UC model group in the degree of inflammation of colonic mucosa. TNFα, IL1β and IL8 mRNA expressions in Lactobacillus pretreated group were significantly lower than those in UC model group(P&<0.05). CONCLUSION: Lactobacillus can prevent ulcerative colitis and the mechanism was possibly related to the downregulated TNFα, IL1β and IL8 expressions.
【Keywords】 Rats; Lactobacillus; colitis, ulcerative
0引言
溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)是一种肠道慢性非特异性炎症,其病因仍未完全明确,目前认为主要与环境、遗传、感染、免疫等因素有关,其中肠道微环境的改变以及免疫反应异常是UC发病的重要因素. 益生菌包括乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌等,能调节肠黏膜屏障功能及黏膜免疫反应,抑制肠道致病菌对肠上皮细胞的黏附,从而保护肠道免受致病菌损伤. 本实验通过观察乳杆菌对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠黏膜的影响,探讨其是否对溃疡性结肠炎有保护作用及可能的机制.
1材料和方法
1.1材料葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium, DSS)(美国Sigma公司),Mr 5000,配制成50 g/L的水溶液,4℃冰箱保存;Trizol 试剂盒(Invitrogen 公司);RT试剂盒(美国MBI公司);PCR试剂盒(赛百胜公司);琼脂糖(AMRESCO进口分装);DNA marker(大连TaKaRa公司);光学显微镜(日本Nikon);PCR扩增仪(德国Biometra);UVI Tec凝胶成像系统(英国UVI Tec公司);嗜酸乳杆菌 (L. acidophilus,LA)标准菌株AS1.1878, 由中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏中心提供,在微需氧环境中复苏培养于MRS培养基,以PBS稀释至5×1012 CFU/L细菌悬液备用. SD大鼠(购自广州南方医院动物中心),雌雄各半,体质量180~200 g,共30只. 随机分为正常对照组、UC模型组、LA预防组,每组10只. 正常对照组:一直自由饮用蒸馏水;UC模型组:用50 g/L DSS溶液给大鼠自由饮用,连续应用7 d;LA预防组:LA灌肠7 d后,自由饮用50 g/L DSS 7 d,所给LA的剂量为1.5 mL/只. 制模过程中每日观察腹泻和肉眼血便情况.
1.2方法在实验结束时处死大鼠,取部分肠段置于多聚甲醛内固定、包埋、切片、HE染色,行一般组织病理学观察.
在距大鼠肛门5 cm 处剥取30~50 mg肠黏膜,提取RNA,提取总RNA采用异硫氰酸胍一步法. TNFα, IL1β, IL8引物序列参照文献[1-2]的方法,由上海博亚生物工程公司合成(表1). RTPCR参照试剂盒说明书操作,扩增仪上完成. 反应条件为:50℃逆转录30 min,PCR反应条件为:变性94℃ 45 s,退火58℃ 1 min,延伸72℃ 45 s,共30个循环,最后72℃延伸10 min. 扩增产物电泳后,采用GelPro Analyzer 4.0软件(美国Media Cybernetics公司)根据电泳条带的面积和亮度计算出每个条带的积分吸光度. 以待测细胞因子的吸光度对同一标本GAPDH(内对照)吸光度的比值表示该细胞因子mRNA的表达水平. 表1扩增引物序列
统计学处理: 实验结果以x±s表示,所测数据用SPSS 10.0统计软件进行非参数kruskalwailis检验及Wilcoxon检验, P&<0.05为差异具有统计学意义.
2结果
2.1大鼠粪便性状及结肠大体观察正常对照组粪便成形,呈黑褐色米粒状; UC模型组在饮用DSS后2 d即出现腹泻,3 d有部分出现肉眼血便,7 d全部出现肉眼血便;LA预防组在饮用DSS后3 d出现不同程度腹泻,但一直未出现明显肉眼血便. 大鼠处死后,取整段结肠剖开肉眼观察:正常对照组可见肠壁黏膜光滑,色泽正常,无充血水肿;UC模型组可见全结肠肠壁明显充血、肿胀;严重者可见盲肠端至肛门处,全结肠内均为血性肠内容物;LA预防组仅见肠壁轻微充血、肿胀,未见血性肠内容物.
2.2组织学观察正常对照组黏膜腺体完整,无炎症细胞浸润;UC模型组黏膜广泛缺失,腺体大多数不完整,炎症细胞广泛浸润,呈典型炎症改变;LA预防组炎症程度较UC模型组炎症明显减轻,黏膜缺失少见,小部分腺体不完整,炎症细胞浸润少(图1).
A: 对照组; B: UC模型组;C: LA预防组.
图1肠段组织病理学观察HE ×200
2.3TNFα, IL1β, IL8致炎细胞因子mRNA表达UC模型组, LA预防组TNFα, IL1β, IL8的表达水平均较正常对照组增高(P<0.01),但低于UC模型组(P<0.05, 表2).
3讨论
DSS是由蔗糖合成的一种硫酸多糖体,最初作为肝素样物质被开发,具有和肝素同样的抗止血及凝血作用[3]. 应用DSS所制作的实验性UC动物模型,无论是症状还是病理变化都与人类UC相类似[4]. 我们的实验同样证明了DSS具有致溃疡性结肠炎的特性.表2IL1β,TNFα ,IL8表达的半定量
目前已获得大量细胞因子和炎症介质在肠黏膜损伤中发挥重要作用的证据:Zhou等[5]发现大出血后肠黏膜通透性增加与IL6表达上调有关;Sugi等[6]研究认为IFNγ通过抑制Na+, K+ATP酶活性,引起细胞内Na+浓度增加,最终导致肠道慢性炎症者肠上皮细胞功能失调,屏障功能破坏,通透性增加; Bruewer等[7]用共聚焦显微镜和生化等方法观察了IFNγ和TNFα对肠上皮细胞T84的影响,发现炎症细胞因子可以通过独立凋亡机制破坏肠黏膜屏障功能,在UC发生、发展过程中,细胞因子扮演重要角色. 有许多细胞因子,如IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β和IL12等,能够诱导或激活T细胞或B细胞,并能诱导多种致炎因子的产生,使炎症局部的中性粒细胞或巨噬细胞聚集,损坏肠黏膜,放大炎症.
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