Chapter 1 Introduction介绍
1.1 Research Background研究背景
随着经济的快速发展、融入全球化的加快空间、2008年北京奥运会、2010年上海世博会和中国-东盟博览会在南宁的成功举办，中国的国际交流越来越频繁，英语已经渗透到每一个角落。在日常生活中。城市公共场所的双语标志随处可见。它们在指示、指示和警告中起着重要作用。
With the rapid development of economy, the quickening space of integration into theglobalization, the successful holding of 2008 Beijing Olympics, 2010 Shanghai Expo and China-ASEAN Expo in Nanning, China’s internationalcommunication is more and more frequently and English has permeated every part in dailylife. Bilingual signs of public places in cities can be seen everywhere. They play animportant role in instructions, directions and warnings.
在阅读了一些公共标志翻译书籍、收集了一些公共标志材料并与我的导师讨论之后，我决定从生态翻译学的角度来研究公共标志的C-E翻译。
After reading some books of translation of public signs, collecting some materials of public signs and discussing with my instructor, I decide to study C-E translation of public signs from the perspective of Eco-translatology.
对公共标志的研究起源于西方国家。1959年，法国和英国的比较文体学学者维奈和达贝尔内顿发表了第一篇关于公共符号翻译的研究，这成为这一翻译领域的序言。
The study of public signs was origin from the western nations. The first study about public signs translation was published byVinay and Darbelneton the bookComparative Stylistics of French and Englishin 1959, which becomes a preface of this field of translation.
与国外研究相比，我国对公共标志翻译的研究要晚得多。在我国，翻译领域的专家学者直到20世纪80年代末才开始从某些方面研究公共标志的翻译，越来越多的机构和组织参与了这一课题，并逐步取得了巨大的进步和鼓励成果。在这个领域。记者段连成（1988）出版了《如何帮助外国人了解中国》一书，人们开始注意到中国国际形象在面向大众的中英文翻译中的重要性。
Compare with the study abroad, the study of public signs translation in China was much later than that in the west. In China,experts and scholars in translation field did not begin to study the C-Etranslation of public signs from certain aspects until the late 1980s,more and moreinstitutions and organizations joined in this subject,and then great improvements andencouraging achievements were progressively made in this field. The journalist Duan Liancheng (1988) published his book entitled How to Help Foreigners Know China and then people began to notice the importance of China's international image in thepublicity-oriented Chinese-English translation.
2004年9月，中国商务印书馆出版了由吕鹤发、单丽萍主编的《中国标志汉英词典》，这是我国第一部实现标志汉英翻译标准的词典。2007年，王英、吕鹤发（2007）——翻译理论与实践丛书原著《标志汉英翻译》出版，标志着我国公共标志翻译研究进入了一个系统化、学术化的新阶段（小梅、邢）夏，2015年）。
In September 2004,Chinese-English Dictionary on Signs, the first dictionary onstandardization of C-E translation of public signs in China, which was edited by Lv Hefa and Shan Liping, was published to the public by China Commercial Press. In 2007, Chinese-English Translation of Signs by Wang Ying and Lv Hefa(2007)—an original book of the Translation Theory and Practice Series was published, which indicated that the researches on public sign translation in Chinahad come to a new stage in a systematic and academic way (Xiaomei &Xingxia, 2015).
2005年，戴宗贤教授和吕鹤发教授发表了一篇论文《公共标志的C-E翻译》。本文对公共标志的功能特征和最显著的文体特征进行了较为详细的研究（戴宗贤、吕鹤发2005:38-42）。2006年，张梅芳教授发表了一篇论文《澳门公共公告的语言和翻译调查》。本研究以功能性的方式进行，涉及到赖斯的类型学理论，旨在研究公共公告及其翻译的语言、文本类型和文本功能（张美芳2006:29-34）。2015年，冯琦教授发表论文《公共标志翻译质量评价》。本文表明，任何可接受的公共符号翻译都是基于命题意义的语言建构的结果，可以通过对应或适应的形式实现（冯琦2015:18-23）。
In 2005, Professor Dai Zongxian and Lv Hefa have published a paper—“On C-E Translation of Public Signs”. This paper took a close look at the functional features of and the most prominent stylistic characteristics of public signs (Dai Zongxian and Lv Hefa 2005:38-42). In 2006, Professor Zhang Meifang has published a paper—“Investigating the Languages and Translations of Public Notices in Macao”. This research was carried out in a functional approach, which involved Reiss’s theory of typology and aimed to study the languages, text types and text functions of public notices and their translations (Zhang Meifang 2006:29-34). In 2015, Professor Feng Qi has published a paper—“Quality Evaluation for the Translation of Public Signs”. This paper showed that any acceptable translation of public signs is a result of linguistic construction based on propositional meanings, which could be realized in the form of correspondence or adaptation (Feng Qi 2015:18-23).
In order to prepare for the 2008 Olympic Games,the Beijing International Studies University organized a team--- “Chinese-English signresearch and investigation team”,to make a research on public signs and they went toFrance, Belgium and some other European countries from July 25 to August 7,2004,tocollect the first-hand materials about public sign translation. The group collected plentyof valuable pictures from these countries and provided people a good opportunity tolearn (Jing, 2014).
为了备战2008年奥运会，北京外国语大学组织了一支“中英文标志研究调查组”，对公共标志进行了研究，并于7月25日至8月7日赴比利时等欧洲国家进行了考察。4、收集有关公共标志翻译的第一手资料。该组织从这些国家收集了大量有价值的图片，并为人们提供了一个赚钱的好机会（Jing，2014年）。
从以上文献综述中可以清楚地看到，中外学者都分析了公共标志翻译的特点和局限性。根据他们在公共标志翻译中的长期实践，总结出一些克服公共标志翻译局限性的有效方法。然而，不同学者提出的方法似乎有一些重叠部分（Ting，2014）。随着当今全球化的加剧，公共标志翻译工作者需要提高自身的翻译水平，才能为人民和社会带来越来越优秀的公共标志翻译。From the above literature review, we can clearly see that the scholars both Chinese and foreigners have analyzed the features and limitations of public signs translation. According to their long practice in public signs translation, they have concluded some useful methods for overcoming the limitations in public signs translation. However, the methods proposed by different scholars seem to have some overlapping parts (Ting, 2014). As the intense globalization nowadays, it requires the public signs translators to improve their skills for bringing more and more excellent public signs translation to the people and our society.
1.2 Research Significance
1.3 Research Methodology
1.4 Structure of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Public Signs
2.1.1 The Definition of Public Signs
2.1.2 The Features of Public Signs
2.1.2.1 The function of public signs.
2.1.3 Previous Studies on Public Signs
2.2 Previous Studies on Eco-translatology
2.2.1 Eco-translatology Study at Home
2.2.2 Eco-translatology Study Abroad
2.3 Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
3.1 The Theoretical Bases of Eco-translatology
3.2 The Key Terms in Eco-translatology
3.2.1 Translational Eco-environment
3.2.2 Translator’s Adaptation and Selection
3.2.3 The Degree of Holistic Adaptation and Selection
3.3 Summary
Chapter 4 A Case Study on C-E Translation of Public Signs in Qingxiushan Scenic Spot from the Perspective of Eco-translatology
4.1 The Current Situation of C-E Translation of Public Signs in Qingxiushan Scenic Spot
4.2 Translator's Adaptation to Translational Eco-Environment before Translation
4.2.1 Adaptation to the Differences in Chinese and English Public Signs
4.2.2 Target Addressees
4.3 Adaptive Selection in Multi-dimensions during Translation
4.3.1 Adaptive Selection in Linguistic Dimension
4.3.2 Adaptive Selection in Cultural Dimension
4.3.3 Adaptive Selection in Communicative Dimension
4.4 Evaluation after Translation
4.4.1 Translator Quality
4.4.2 Degree of Multi-dimensional Transformation
4.4.3 Reader Feedback
4.5 Summary
Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.1 Finding
According to the characteristics of different types of translation errors, the author proposes the following translation strategies according to the characteristics of the signs in other public areas.
Words are better than words.
"Words are not as good as words, and words are not as good as words." Sometimes the languid language is better than not, the wrong translation will be more effective and counterproductive. The picture is a borderless language, its content is clear, easy to understand, intuitive, and economical. Therefore, we can draw on the method of traffic signs and apply a large number of ICONS in scenic spot signs. A large number of common prohibitions can be shown in graphic form, such as no photographing, no smoking, no Shouting, no feeding, no pets, etc. There are also instructions for class signs that can be used as well. Believe that has been to London friends all know that red circle tubular icon indicates the subway, big English letter "I" (information) said the information consultation, etc., so our public toilets, public telephone, bus stations, docks, etc. You can also use the unified representation, and thorough popular feeling gradually. Like some warning signs, be careful to fall, be careful to slide, be careful to meet, alert to electric shock and so on (Yang & Liang, 2017). As long as the logo is used, it is not only beneficial to foreign friends but also to Chinese people. It can be applied not only to scenic spots, but also to various fields of society. However, only by unifying the graphic law, and forming a system, can it be carried out well. It is also an adaptation to the selection of ecological environment, zero pollution, low emissions, and the best communication function (Eto, 2013).
(2) follow the tradition and be consistent.
Sign language translation is written with society, culture, history, national psychology and so on various factor, especially the person names, place names, road, scenic spot name translation write, more related to the interests of the state, city image and national feelings, can not be capricious and for, simple treatment. Guo jianzhong even believed that the translation of the sign of the place name is a regulatory issue, not an academic issue. However, the lack of unified translation in the scenic spot has caused great confusion and inconvenience to foreign tourists. Many different translations make visitors think they represent different places of interest and cause a lot of unnecessary trouble (Yang, et al., 2012). Due to historical evolution and language and cultural habits, many public signs have been established, and they cannot be changed at will. We should respect the tradition.. It is imperative to unify the work of place names, so that no one can be mistaken in the name of the same place or place. So, for those who makes little sense to history or new venues, buildings, streets, scenic spots, can be in strict accordance with the "public services in English translation of written specification part 1: general requirements for translation, namely" the name of places and institutions is to distinguish the proper noun, TongMing, modify and qualified composition, respectively using Chinese pinyin and English spelling or translation (Chen, Lin & Hsu, 2017).
(3) emphasis on function, not heavy decoration.
The main purpose of English translation in public service areas such as tourism scenic spots is to realize their communicative functions, so as to achieve the functions of guidance, warning and restriction. The author found in the survey that many warm and "literary" signs in Chinese have brought difficulties to English translation. Some translators will obey the principle of "faith" and translate faithfully. Some translators pay more attention to their communicative functions and only translate their meanings (Wainwright, et al., 2018). Due to the different translation principles of translators, the translation of various translations is quite different, and there are even errors of translation. Prohibit trample on the lawn, for example, can write a "think the grass is also in long, step into" the first step, the grass evergreen "a grass a period of love, all things have spirit""green is limited, infinite love""around three to five steps," the grass is greener to stay such as different Chinese expression. In fact, as long as the translator insists on the principle of "focusing on function and not emphasizing the decoration", the translator can achieve the information function of the original text, and also highlight the characteristics of concise and concise wording (Saboori & Pishghadam, 2016).
(4) the terms and regulations are different and appropriate.
In addition to paying attention to the accuracy of lexical meaning and terminology, translation methods should be used appropriately. English signs are mainly for foreign friends to be prompted or warned, should be consistent with their expression habits, and take care of their acceptance. In addition to the content of Chinese elements and Chinese historical and cultural information, it is recommended to use naturalized methods for translation (Buchkowski,et al., 2017).
(5) modest and courteous.
"Tourists" found in the scenic spot, government agencies, restaurants and other public areas, there are all very Chinese translations, this gas and modest, polite language translation, is conducive to the emotional communication and information, more conducive to purify the language environment, improve the quality of the citizens of spiritual civilization, is worth us strongly advocated (WANG, 2018).
On (6), shall, according to the applied we want in the whole society "for the public service field of English translation of written specification of propaganda, to establish a good model of translation industry the sign language to write, promotion and implementation of some model of typical, do" can be in accordance with and shall be in accordance with, hold is applied, the breach shall investigate ", so the public services, including tourism, English sign language will gradually standard, bilingual labeling mechanism will gradually mature (De Leo, 2008).
5.2 Limitation
The sign language of tourist scenic spots, from the sign language translation, the sign making, maintenance and maintenance to the supervision and supervision, is a system engineering problem, needs the various departments in the society to work together. Responsible department and the translator should make clear the purpose and responsibility, especially when the translator translation should be in line with the attitude of responsible strictly, accurate understanding of language and culture, in language, culture and communication between 3 d selection and adaptation, constantly seeking the best translation strategy, expression and transformation, with pure translation of the ecological environment; The label making department should not only guarantee the quality of the brand, but also guarantee the quality of the brand. The tourism management department should pay attention to the maintenance and improvement of ordinary times, and find fault and correct timely (Salimath & Jones III, 2011). The supervision department, such as the national/local language committee, the national tourism administration to periodically monitor and control on a regular basis, will sign language of the investigation and evaluation of the translation from Chinese to English writing important points, to realize the standardization of the sign language translation and standardization, and gradually establish a long-term effective mechanism of normal. Of course, this issue also requires the supervision of the academic community and the tourists (Li-Na, 2017). Only the whole society, cultivating intentional and effectively control the language of the ecological environment, continuously improve the level of translation to write, the mature sign language bilingual mechanism can be established as soon as possible, and to improve the scenic spots in guangxi province and even the national image to make positive contribution.