传统的语法研究描述了唯一的上市不定式和词的用法区别，没有系统的理论解释。经过许多学者的角度来看，语义，语用学，认知语义分析，并取得了许多研究成果，但不定式和-ING的语义内涵的词是两个语义的形成仍缺乏高层次的概述机制还没有深入讨论。
Introduction引言
0.1 Background of the Study研究背景
在不同的语法理论，不定式和-ING分词，英语中是非常普遍的语言现象，都受到了极大的关注。尤其是，当它们被用来作为对象和对象补后的谓词，被认为是不定式和-ING分词之间的选择对于许多第二语言学习者最困难和最令人困惑的语法点之一。Infinitives and -ing participles, as very common languagephenomena in English, have received great attention in differentgrammatical theories. In particular, when they are used after predicates asobject and object complement, the choice between infinitives and -ingparticiples is regarded as one of the most difficult and confusinggrammatical points for many second language learners. Therefore, tohave a clear idea of infinitives and -ing participles is of great significancefor understanding English properly as well as speaking Englishaccurately.Several things about the scope of this thesis should be mentionedhere. First, as for the comparison between infinitives and -ing participlesas object in sentences, to keep the range of data manageable and thediscussion more focused, this thesis will focus on predicates takingsyntactically subjectless nonfinite verbs as their only objects. Second, thebare infinitive will not be explained in this thesis. Last, in light of Quirk'susing the term —ing participles in his authorative grammar book(1985:150) and the cognitive idea that grammatical forms arerepresentations of their meanings which mirror people's concepts, thisthesis will not distinguish -ing participles gerunds, using -ingparticiples to stand for all the -ing forms.This thesis is to study the concepts and image schemas of infinitivesand -ing participles the perspective of cognitive linguistics. And onthe basis of this, the thesis will focus its study on the explanation of theion between them when they are used as object and objectcomplement respectively according to the principle of semantic ion.The reasons for choosing this research topic are as follows.First, as mentioned above, the nonfinite verbs are a very complexgrammatical issue in English. Infinitives and —ing participles, as linguisticconstructions widely used in English, appear in all kinds of Englishexams frequently. Especially for the choice between the two, teachersoften spend lots of time in providing a lot of rules for students tomemorize. However, the effect is subtle. Thus, to think as native speakersdo, to speak and write as native speakers do, and to catch the meaningwhich native speakers really want to convey, it is necessary to look insidethe language and find an easier and more practical way to acquire it. Asfor language researchers, it is our responsibility to figure out the usefulmethods for language learners learning how to communicate well withlanguage.Second, even though lots of grammarians and linguists have done alot of work on this issue, there is still much to be probed . Theprevious traditional studies are mainly descriptive in nature. They onlygeneralize several wordlists for references. Some other researchers havestudied this problem in terms of semantics and pragmatics. In attempt tofigure out the meanings of infinitives and -ing participles, they do notpay enough attention to their intrinsic mechanism and have no persuasivetheoretical basis for their results, let alone a systematic explanation of theion between them. With the rapid development of cognitivelinguistics, many cognitive theories are applied analysis of language,also in the area of English grammar study. These theories are moreclosely related with the intrinsic mechanism of grammar. Within thetheoretical framework of cognitive linguistics, the analysis andexplanation will be more id and powerful.
0.2 Objectives of the Study研究目标
This thesis aims to provide a systematic cognitive account of theion between infinitives and -ing participles in English when theyare used as object and object complement according to the cognitivetheories and the principle of semantic ion. It will specifically answerthe following questions:(1) What is the concept and image schema of infinitives?(2) What is the concept and image schema of-ing participles?(3) What are the differences between infinitives and -ing participleswhen they are used as object? How to explain the ion between themin this situation?(4) What are the differences between infinitives and -ing participleswhen they are used as object complement? How to explain the ionbetween them in this case?
0.3 Organization of This Thesis论文结构
This thesis consists of five chapters.The first chapter is a literature review, including the summarizationof and comments on the previous studies on infinitives,-mg participlesand the ion between them when they play the syntactic functionsof object and object complement descriptive and explanativeperspectives.The second chapter is the theoretical foundation of this thesis. Thischapter will first introduce the prototype category theory, the imageschema theory, and the principle of semantic ion in terms of theirbackground, theoretical connotation and main points, and then present therelationship between these theories and the thesis.The third chapter is to investigate the concepts and image schemasof infinitives and 一ing participles in order to get their semantic meanings.The fourth chapter is first to have a discussion about the meanings ofthe predicates in the main clauses. Then, in accordance with the matchingbetween the meaning of the predicate and the meanings of the twononfinite verbs, the chapter is devoted to a cognitive account of theion between infinitives and 一ing participles when they are used asobject.The fifth chapter is to analyze the meanings of the predicates andobjects in the main clauses at first. Then, according to the principle ofsemantic ion, this chapter is to account for the ion betweeninfinitives and -ing participles when they are used as object complement.
Chapter 3 Concepts and Image Schemas of ............................................ 58-76
3.1 Concept and Image Schema of Infinitives ............................................58-66
3.1.1 Concept of Infinitives............................................ 59-64
3.1.2 Image Schema of Infinitives ............................................64-66
3.2 Concept and Image Schemas of -ing Participles ............................................66-73
3.2.1 Concept of -ing participles............................................ 66-70
3.2.2 Image Schema of -ing Participles............................................ 70-73
3.3 Summary............................................ 73-76
Chapter 4 ion Between Infinitives ............................................76-100
4.1 The Principle for the ion Between ............................................77-80
4.2 ion of Infinitives after Verbs of Volition............................................ 80-84
4.2.1 ion of Infinitives after Verbs of ............................................81-82
4.2.2 ion of Infinitives after Verbs ............................................t 82-84
4.3 ion of -ing Participles after Verbs of ............................................84-90
4.3.1 ion of -ing Participles after Verbs............................................84-86
4.3.2 ion of -ing Participles after Verbs ............................................ 86-88
4.3.3 ion of -ing Participles after Verbs ............................................ 88-90
4.4 ion of Both Infinitive and -ing Participles ............................................90-97
4.4.1 ion of Both Infinitives ............................................91-93
4.4.2 ion of Both Infinitives and -ing ............................................93-95
4.4.3 ion of Both Infinitives ............................................ 95-97
4.5 Summary............................................ 97-100
Conclusion结论
1 Major Findings of This Thesis论文的主要成果
本论文已确认认知语言学的几个基本要求。事实上，这篇论文的结果主要是基于认知语言学的框架内的理论知识。首先，从认知的角度来看，任何语言表达的意义等同于人的概念，概念化的行动是我们的物理世界的经验的产物This thesis has confirmed several fundamental claims of cognitivelinguistics. In fact, all the findings of this thesis are mainly d on thetheoretical knowledge within the framework of cognitive linguistics.First, the cognitive perspective, the meaning of any linguisticexpression equals to human conceptualization, and the conceptualizationof an action is the product of our experience of the physical world.Therefore, to reveal the semantics of infinitives and -ing participles, it isnecessary to find out their respective concepts. Besides, throughmetaphorical mappings on different levels, all syntactic elements ingrammar actually reflect their own concepts. Consequently, exploring theconcepts of infinitives and -ing participles lies in taking their relevantbodily experience and their linguistic representations account. Forthese two nonfinite verb forms, this thesis holds that they both consist oftwo parts of concept: one is the concept of the infiniti to or the suffix-ing, and the other is the concept of the verb. After detailed analysis, thisthesis has drawn the conclusions that the concept of infinitives isabstracted as "Start-Stop", and the concept of -ing participles isschematized as "Process".Second, as cognitive linguistics claims, the syntax of a linguisticexpression is not only the reflection of its conceptual content, but also therepresentation of people's specific construal imposed on it. For infinitives,there are two image schemas to designate its "Start-Stop" meaning.Figure 7 infinitives I indicates that an action which is still on-goingbecomes completed, and Figure 8 infinitives II indicates that an actionwhich has not started initiates at a moment. Similarly, there are threeimage schemas to express the "Process" nature of -ing participles. ByFigure 9 -ing participles /, -ing participles can be used to describe acompleted action; by Figure 10 一ing participles II, —ing participles giveexpression to an on-going process; and by Figure 11 —ing participles III,-ing participles are to depict a possible action in the future.Last but not least, this thesis has been devoted to a relativelysystematic interpretation of the ion between infinitives and —ingparticiples in English when they are used as object and objectcomplement by illustrating relevant examples. The basis for thisexplanation is in the light of claims in cognitive linguistics. In particular,according to the principle of semantic ion, when the meaning ofeither nonfinite verb is compatible with the meaning of the componentsbefore it in the sentence, they can co-occur in this case. To put thisprinciple practice, this thesis has concluded that there are"subjectivity", "objectivity" and "neutrality" kinds of predicate in thiscase, and "subjectivity" which implies the subject's will to change actionsis associated with the "Start-Stop" nature of infinitives, while"objectivity" indicating a fact full of connotation is connected with the"Process" nature of -ing participles. Besides, for the "neutrality" verbs,the ion between infinitives and —ing participles is determined by thespeaker's intention. Under the guidance of these conclusions, this thesishas cited a certain number of examples to clarify the usage differencesbetween infinitives and -ing participles and to account for the ionbetween them. Reciprocally, all the discussion has confirmed thesemantic studies of infinitives and —ing participles discussed in thisthesis.
2 Significance of This Thesis论文意义
This research is of both theoretical and practical significance.Theoretically, this thesis has revealed the innate semantic meanings ofinfinitives and -ing participles, and the cognitive motivation behind theirsyntactic constructions on the basis of central claims in cognitivelinguistics. In turn, their semantics' application the explanations ofthe ion between them has proven the feasibility and explanatorypower of cognitive linguistics. Practically, this thesis has provided areasonable way to distinguish infinitives and -ing participles, which areof great benefits for language learners and teachers.
3 Limitations of This Thesis论文的局限性
In spite of the findings and the significance, this thesis has its ownlimitations. First, with regard to the syntactic functions that infinitivesand —ing participles can play in English, the research scope in the thesis iscurrently restricted to the object and the object complement. Whether thesemantics of infinitives and -ing participles are applicable to other cases,like the subject, the subject complement and the adverbial, is left forfuture analysis and confirmation. Second, the data are limited, especiallythe real utterance the daily life. This thesis is only a stepping-stonetowards a more comprehensive research; all these limitations serve tostimulate the author of the thesis to study further on this issue.