本文是计算机专业的留学生作业范例，题目是“Human Computer Interaction Design For Mobile Device Computer Science Essay（移动设备人机交互设计计算机科学论文）”，人机交互设计的目标是生产交互产品，提供愉快的使用体验。由于人机交互的多维度方法和界面系统的变化，使得开发人员很难做到既易于使用又成本低廉。在这个现代时代，越来越多的人抱怨人机交互。这些抱怨的原因是系统设计不佳或忽视了人机交互设计的逻辑。本研究试图在设计手机/设备的硬件和软件应用时，对人机交互的挑战有一个了解。它还试图理解开发移动界面的方法，为用户提供方便，并识别即兴的交互设计的困难。
Abstract 摘要
The designs that come in HCI targets in producing interactive products that are that provider pleasant experience to use. Because of the multi dimensional method of HCI and varying systems of interface it is very difficult for developers which are easy to use as well as cheap. In this modern era there is an increase in the number of people who complain about HCI. These complain causes due to poor design of system or by ignorance of the logics of HCI design. This research tries to develop an understanding about the HCI challenges while designing applications in hardware and software of mobile phones/devices. It also tries to understand methods of developing mobile interfaces that provides convenience to users and identifies improvisations to the difficulties in interaction designing for the same.
The analysing and understanding of working between people and electronic devises like computers are referred to as human computer interaction (HCI). The user who is involved performs the main interaction. The main problem faced by companies or people related to HCI is went it comes to the design of such computing devises for use. Because of this it forms the need and necessity of HCI developers to make systems more easily usable and easily adaptable to consumer needs. Therefore in order to provide best solution to this problem the developers or designers of HCI has to reduce the distance between human’s cognitive model of what consumers want to achieve, and the computers ability in analysing the users needs and tasks.
分析和理解人与像计算机这样的电子设备之间的工作被称为人机交互(HCI)。参与其中的用户执行主要的交互。与人机交互相关的公司或人们面临的主要问题是，它涉及到这种计算设备的使用设计。因此，HCI开发人员需要使系统更容易使用，更容易适应消费者的需求。因此，人机交互的开发者或设计者必须缩小人类对消费者想要达到的认知模型与计算机分析用户需求和任务的能力之间的距离，才能最好地解决这一问题。
1.Problem Definition 问题定义
HCI is becoming highly complex due to the dynamic changing digital technology and digital media. Accordingly to keep up with the changing trend the users of these products can keep on studying the different operating interfaces, the programming language that is use. These days we can observe a large number of people who keep complaining about the poor design in the interaction design. Is this problem actually caused due to the poor design HCI products or due to the lack of knowledge of users about the basic logic of the same. Majority of the products demands the users to involve with them to get their work done are not developed/ design keeping in mind the user’s convenience and priority. However majority of the times the designer always says that their products are user friendly and usable; the basic fact lies that the interface should enable the user to function his/ her tasks fully. Or it can be said that the design of HCI must be user concentrated design. Majority of the people in today’s world depends mobile computing devises like PDA’s, Palm top, mobile phones.
动态变化的数字技术和数字媒体使人机交互变得非常复杂。因此，为了跟上变化的趋势，这些产品的用户可以继续研究不同的操作界面，程序设计语言是使用。这些天，我们可以看到很多人一直在抱怨交互设计中的糟糕设计。这个问题实际上是由于设计不好的人机交互产品，还是由于用户缺乏对基本逻辑的了解。大多数产品要求用户参与其中，以完成他们的工作，但在开发/设计时并没有考虑到用户的便利性和优先权。然而，大多数时候设计师总是会说他们的产品是用户友好和可用的;基本的事实是，界面应该使用户能够充分执行他/她的任务。或者可以说，人机交互的设计必须是用户集中的设计。当今世界的大多数人都依赖于移动计算设备，如掌上电脑和移动电话。
The common problems on all these are they try to give solutions to highly complicated and powerful services with the help of very small interfaces. The common problems on all these cases are compressed screen sizes that make the projects of information difficult. This also limits their navigation options. As the current mobile devices market insists on developing mobile phones with multiple functionalities there is a urgent need of merging computing electronics and communication in the mobile sector. Yet another major problem the operation of these devices on chemical cells or batteries. Therefore dealing with the solution of battery power consumption is also a major problem for HCI designers.
Hens, in this advance world of ever changing technology it is a vitality to provide efficient mobile products to consumers. For the same designers, users, technical assistance must corporate hand in hand to generate success. Therefore this research tries to understand the difficulties encounter while designing HCI, suggest solution in developing a user friendly design, understanding principle user interface design, and study the current trend in this industry.
2.Type of mobile devices 移动设备类型
This refers to pocket size computing devices having small screen with small input device like keypad or touch screen. Example of these devices include electronic devices like PDA, laptops, palm tops, game boy, Nintendo, Advance digital and still cameras, audio recorders and communication devices like wireless pagers etc.
这是指口袋大小的计算设备有小屏幕和小输入设备，如键盘或触摸屏。这些设备的例子包括电子设备，如PDA，笔记本电脑，掌上电脑，游戏机，任天堂，高级数码和静止相机，录音机和通信设备，如无线寻呼机等。
PDA Laptop Palm top
GameBoy Digital still camera Audio Recorder
Wireless Pager
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3.Use of Mobile devices 使用流动设备
PDA’s are been excessively used in area where large volume of data is to be collected. For example it with the help of PDA’s that orders are taken in modern day restaurants by the waiters, waitress. PDA’s are also been used in areas like hospitals to collect information and diagonals data about a particular patient. Talking about mobile devices it has become a important part in universities and schools for the process of mobile learning. Mobile learning is the use of mobile device for learning while the user is on move. M learning also has more advantage comparing with e learning. Another common system used in schools includes scientific calculators, translators, and electronic dictionaries.
在需要收集大量数据的领域，PDA被过度使用。例如，在PDA的帮助下，在现代餐馆里，由服务员来点菜。PDA还被用于医院等领域，收集特定患者的信息和对角线数据。谈到移动设备，它已经成为高校移动学习过程的重要组成部分。移动学习是指用户在移动中使用移动设备进行学习。M学习也比e学习更有优势。学校使用的另一种常用系统包括科学计算器、翻译和电子词典。
Yet another use of these mobile devices are in the sector of entertainment where in it is used for gaming, listening to music and watching movies on the move.
GPS system is another example of HCI devices. This is used pin point a particular geographical point on earth with the help of co- ordinates.
4.Limited Input 有限的输入
There are 3 main inputs in current mobile device. They are:Via Keyboard 、Via Stylus on the touch screens 、Scroll wheel
The keyboard allows the person to enter input via hitting keys or in moving from one area to the other on the screen. The stylus helps in inputting data with the help of a touch on the touch screen by the user. The scroll wheel can be rotated or moved to move across pages or from one page to another. Developing a keyboard on a mobile device is a difficult task because there is only limited space. Though past researchers has shown that the size doesn’t matter. They found that making keyboard small did not increase the error rates. However future research has proven that using such keyboards are difficult for people who have fat fingers.
目前的移动设备有3个主要输入。它们是:通过键盘 、通过触摸屏上的触控笔 、滚轮
键盘允许人们通过敲击键盘或从屏幕上的一个区域移动到另一个区域来输入信息。触控笔通过用户在触摸屏上的触摸来帮助输入数据。滚动轮可以旋转或移动，以跨页或从一页移动到另一页。在移动设备上开发键盘是一项艰巨的任务，因为只有有限的空间。尽管过去的研究表明大小并不重要。他们发现，键盘变小并不会增加错误率。然而，未来的研究已经证明，对于手指肥胖的人来说，使用这种键盘很困难。
Researches in modern days have developed possible solutions like a unique keyboard stick that suits on a four row of stranded qwerty onto the base row to over come the physical space constraint. But a immediate reduction in number of keys to obtain portability reduces text entry possibility and demands extra effort to study new method of inputting data. Another method was also developed using new keyboard minimisation method which suggested in reducing key pitch to reduce this problem and have formulated a single key keyboard that provides priority to input, acceptance, performance, usability.
Many of the mobile devices make use of touch screen and stylus facilities. In some cases these are even used to replace keyboards. The problem that are associated with the same are it becomes difficult to function if the screen of the mobile device is too small. They are having numerous investigations to develop a solution for the same. For example one of the solutions that was suggested was to permit the user control the particular application by pressing to an additional button placed behind the device.
The scroll wheel in most cases used as a solution to the limitations of stylus and keyboard. This is efficient because it can be used to navigate as well as function as a push button.
5.System Of menus 系统菜单
Researchers have found through studies that having a menu in desktop of the application will seem helpful to consumers as it will help experience user to find what they want in a convenient manner. But copying a successful design for some desktop and simply incorporating it to a mobile device without understanding the translation input, output can lead to various problems like in effective interaction caused due to the design. Systems of arranged pattern of menus are hence practice as an alternative. With a sequential menu a particular inpidual can access one main menu that leads to future sub menus till the person reaches his/her desired function.
研究人员通过研究发现，在应用程序的桌面设置菜单似乎对消费者很有帮助，因为这将帮助用户以一种方便的方式找到他们想要的东西。但是，复制一些成功的桌面设计，并将其简单地整合到移动设备上，而不理解翻译输入，输出可能会导致各种各样的问题，比如由于设计而导致的有效交互。因此，按顺序排列的菜单系统在实践中被作为一种选择。使用顺序菜单，一个特定的人可以访问一个主菜单，该主菜单将引导到以后的子菜单，直到这个人达到他/她想要的功能。
There have been a lot of researches to study the layout and design of hierarchical menu in mobile device that was targeted to understand an optimal method to arrange information in consecutive and user friendly pattern. In future studies conducted it was observed that smooth interaction which such menu system can be obtained only by having numerous menu items on the root menu and the end menu, and little options at the middle levels. However a later study showed that the most effective hierarchy for use with mobile devices was the one with approximately four to seven items on every level.
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6.Navigation and Browsing 导航和浏览
This is also a problem in mobile devices in terms of navigation and subsequent browsing because of the limitation of the screen sizes of these devices. According to some particular researchers to project data’s on screen that is suitable for large screens the information data must be split into smaller units those are easily presentable as well as understandable and also fits into the screen of the mobile devices. This makes it increasingly difficult to effectively arrange information and enable and ensure smooth navigation for consumers to help them move from one segment to other. Hence a new interface methodology called “Roller” was developed that helped in alleviating the actual screen limitation in a user interface design.
在移动设备的导航和后续浏览方面，这也是一个问题，因为这些设备的屏幕大小的限制。根据一些特定的研究人员的项目数据的屏幕上，是适合大屏幕的信息数据必须分割成更小的单位，这些是容易呈现的，以及可理解的，也适合于移动设备的屏幕。这使得有效地安排信息、确保消费者从一个细分市场转移到另一个细分市场的导航变得越来越困难。因此，一种名为“滚轮”的新界面方法被开发出来，它有助于缓解用户界面设计中的实际屏幕限制。
Yet another study conducted by another set of researchers helped in presenting a distinct interface design for HCI devices that would address major user points with menu system and page scrolling. With the help of one to five wheel and arrange in a combination lock style on a single screen this design enable users to enjoy a variety of self satisfying content without having to scroll or select a menu. The researchers said that the testing of this particular system in china proved the model to be very efficient, effective and desirable. In spite of the verifying navigation paradigms and verifying expectations in each this country.
In case of software’s designers will find even more difficult to design mobile interface software’s. The major problem here is limiting the users interaction with the interactive system to understand and serve the user’s needs and wants. To develop a user friendly and useful systems the designer should work hand in hand with technicians and must always look out to the needs of people who use interactive products. They must also understand about the place of use of this product. To summarise there are three major things in interaction design process. They are focusing on the user, usability criteria and iteration. No designer can avoid thinking of the real users of HCI systems but due to the different needs and wants of differing people it is very challenging to design those kinds of products which reduce the barrier between human cognitive model and designers understanding about what the users want.
在软件的情况下，设计师会发现设计移动界面软件的难度更大。这里的主要问题是限制用户与交互系统的交互，以理解和服务于用户的需求和愿望。为了开发一个用户友好和有用的系统，设计师应该与技术人员携手合作，并且必须始终关注使用交互式产品的用户的需求。他们还必须了解该产品的使用地点。总之，在交互设计过程中有三个主要的东西。他们关注的是用户、可用性标准和迭代。没有一个设计者可以不去考虑人机交互系统的真实用户，但是由于不同人的需求和欲望不同，要设计出能够减少人类认知模型和设计者对用户需求理解之间障碍的产品是非常具有挑战性的。
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