作者:任峰,付强,徐健,李先进
【摘要】 目的: 探讨64排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影﹙CT angiography,CTA﹚诊断冠脉狭窄的程度与单光子发射计算机断层扫描(single photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)心肌灌注显像﹙myocadiac perfusion imaging,MPI﹚诊断相关狭窄动脉所支配的心肌血流灌注状况之间的对应关系。方法: 112例可疑冠心病的胸痛患者在1周内均行CTA及99mTcMIBI﹙甲氧基异丁基异腈﹚MPI。比较不同狭窄程度的冠脉与相关狭窄动脉所支配的心肌血流灌注之间的关系。结果: 分别以冠脉狭窄≥50%及≥70%为诊断心肌缺血的阳性标准。以患者作为比较对象,CTA预测心肌缺血的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为88%,52%,74%,74%和76%,86%,90%,70%;以病变血管作为比较,CTA预测心肌缺血的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为92%,73%,66%,94%和47%,94%,82%,76%。结论: CTA诊断的冠脉狭窄程度≥70%时与相应的MPI显示心肌缺血之间的一致性较高,而狭窄在50%~70%的患者中两者的结果差异较大。
【关键词】 心肌灌注显像; 64排螺旋CT ; 冠心病
[Abstract]Objective: To evaluate spiral multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) angiography using 64slice technique in the detection of functionally relevant coronary artery stenoses(CAS). Methods: One hundred and twelve patients with suspected coronary artery disease were investigated using 64slice MDCT angiography and myocardial perfusion imaging with 99mTcMIBI SPECT within one week.Stenoses with luminal narrowing of ≥50% were defined as “significant” in MDCT. MDCT angiography was compared with the detection of functionally relevant CAS. Results: In patientbased analysis, stenoses with luminal narrowing of ≥50% were defined as “significant” in MDCT,then the sensitivity, specificity,positive and negative predictive values of MDCT angiography in detecting reversible perfusion defects on SPECT were 88%, 52%, 74% and 74%;Respectively, stenoses with luminal narrowing of ≥70% were defined as “significant” in MDCT,then the sensitivity, specificity,positive and negative predictive values of MDCT angiography in detecting reversible perfusion defects on SPECT were 76%, 86%, 90% and 70%. In vesselbased analysis, stenoses with luminal narrowing of ≥50% were defined as “significant” in MDCT,then the sensitivity, specificity,positive and negative predictive values of MDCT angiography in detecting reversible perfusion defects on SPECT were 92%, 73%, 66% and 94%, respectively, stenoses with luminal narrowing of ≥70% were defined as “significant” in MDCT,then the sensitivity, specificity,positive and negative predictive values of MDCT angiography in detecting reversible perfusion defects on SPECT were 47%, 94%, 82% and 76%. Conclusion: There was good correlation between MPI and CTA for the detection of functionally significant coronary artery stenoses when CTA detected a narrowing of ≥ 70% severity. CTA stenoses of 70% should be used to determine functional significance, and not 50%, as is the usual practice at present.
[Key words]myocardial perfusion imaging; 64slice CT angiography; coronary artery disease
多排螺旋CT(multidetector computed tomography, MDCT)与冠脉造影( coronary angiography,CAG)相似,它可以清晰地显示冠状动脉,判断其有无狭窄病变存在[1]。大量研究表明CT冠状动脉造影﹙CT angiography,CTA﹚在无创诊断冠心病中有着较高的阴性预测值及相对较高的阳性预测值。Gulati等[2]及Mollet等[3]均报道MDCT诊断冠心病的符合率在70% 以上,而特异性均达85% 以上,其阴性预测值在90%以上,可以部分取代有创性CAG。然而心肌灌注显像﹙myocadiac perfusion imaging,MPI﹚作为另一种无创影像学检查主要从病理生理学角度显示冠脉形态学异常所造成的心肌灌注状态,其对预后的判断及在危险分层方面优于CAG所提供的冠脉解剖形态学信息[4]。本研究以MPI作为诊断心肌缺血的“金标准”,探讨MDCT诊断冠脉狭窄程度与MPI诊断心肌缺血的对应关系。
1 对象和方法
1.1 病例选择
搜集徐州市中心医院2007年1月~2008年2月行冠脉CTA同时在1周内行运动/静息MPI的可疑冠心病患者,剔除因冠脉严重钙化而无法准确判断狭窄程度的患者,共入选112例,男76例,女36例,年龄52~69岁,平均(61.5±5.6)岁。其中38例有原发性高血压,29例有2型糖尿病病史,高血脂72例。
1.2 检查方法
1.2.1 CTA 扫描设备为Philips Brilliance 64排CT机,所有患者均符合CTA的要求,心率﹥75次/min者,应用β受体阻滞剂将心率降至75次/min以下。最终的结果由两位资深影像科医师商量后产生。按照AHA 15段分段法剔除直径小于2 mm 的冠脉段,剔除因严重钙化血管腔无法显示的冠脉段及因伪影导致血管结构显示不清的冠脉段,而后进行诊断。CT阳性标准为:3支主要血管支至少有1支管径狭窄≥50%。
1.2.2 运动及静息MPI
采用德国西门子ECAM双探头多变角SPECT仪,行两日法运动-静息MPI。运动试验用次极量踏车法,Bruce方案,运动至最大预期心率(190-年龄)的85%或出现心律紊乱,血压下降,或心电图呈缺血型ST下移≥0.1 mV时,由静脉注射99mTcMIBI ﹙甲氧基异丁基异腈﹚555~740 MBq,继续运动1 min,1 h后行运动心肌断层显像,24 h后行静息显像。112例患者中有106例均达到次极量心率,6例在运动过程中出现胸闷症状,停止运动后2 min缓解;运动心肌显像示放射性稀疏或缺损、在静息心肌显像出现充填,则判定为心肌缺血;若静息心肌显像无充填则为心肌梗死;运动心肌显像心肌放射性均匀者,视为正常。根据冠状动脉特点,将前壁、前间壁、心尖部的缺血视为前降支病变,侧壁缺血视为回旋支病变,下壁、后壁、后间壁缺血视为右冠状动脉病变。
1.3 统计学处理
使用SPSS11.0统计软件包进行统计学分析。计量资料采用均数±标准差(±s)描述;敏感性即真阳性率:“金标准”诊断为阳性而依据待评价方法的标准被正确判为阳性的百分比;特异性即真阴性率:“金标准”诊断为阴性而依据待评价方法的标准被正确判为阴性的百分比;阳性预测值为:该方法诊断为阳性的例数中真正阳性的例数/该方法诊断为阳性的例数;阴性预测值为该方法诊断为阴性的例数中真正阴性的例数/该方法诊断为阴性的例数。
2 结果
112例患者中CTA显示81例阳性,其中冠脉狭窄≥70%者58例﹙71%﹚;冠脉狭窄50%~70%者23例﹙29%﹚;正常﹙狭窄&<50%﹚31例。CTA显示病变血管共170支﹙狭窄≥70%的病变血管69支﹚,单支病变20例,2支病变35例,3支病变26例。累及左前降支72支,左回旋支40支,右冠脉56支,左主干2支。
MPI共发现心肌缺血68例,其中CTA显示的81例阳性中MPI显示60例阳性﹙52例为冠脉狭窄≥70%﹚;MPI共发现121支血管对应的心肌区域显示心肌缺血,其中 CTA显示的170支病变血管中MPI仅发现112支血管相对应的心肌节段显示心肌缺血,69支狭窄≥70%的病变血管中MPI发现57支血管相应心肌节段显示心肌缺血。以患者为比较对象(表1),CTA预测心肌缺血在狭窄≥50%的患者中,其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为:88%,52%,74%,74%;CTA预测心肌缺血在狭窄≥70%的患者中其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为76%,86%,90%,70%。表1 以患者为比较对象CTA与MPI诊断心肌缺血的结果例(略)
以病变血管为比较对象(表2),CTA预测心肌缺血在狭窄≥50%的病变血管中其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为:92%,73%,66%,94%; CTA预测心肌缺血在狭窄≥70%的病变血管中其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、分别为:47%,94%,82%,76%。表2 以病变血管为比较对象CTA与MPI诊断心肌缺血的结果(略)
3 讨论
MPI是目前评价冠状动脉狭窄血流动力学效应的“金标准”,它是通过比较静息和负荷时放射活性示踪剂在心肌的分布来判断的。有心肌缺血的患者,示踪剂的摄取在负荷后减少,休息后增加。最近一项研究统计了 46个中心近10万可疑冠心病患者,结果显示MPI正常者与异常者年心脏事件发生率分别为 0.6%和5.9%[5]。这表明了MPI在可疑冠心病患者危险分层中的价值。
本研究结果显示,在CTA显示狭窄≥70%的58例患者中52例MPI发现有心肌缺血的表现,其阳性预测值为90%;而狭窄在50%~70%的23例患者中MPI仅发现有8例心肌缺血,其阳性预测值仅为34%,这与国外文献报道的结果基本一致[6]。以病变血管为研究对象CTA显示狭窄≥70%的69支血管中,MPI发现有57支病变血管对应的心肌节段显示缺血的表现,其阳性预测值为82%,而狭窄在50%~70%的101支病变血管中,仅有55支病变血管对应的心肌节段显示缺血的表现,其阳性预测值仅为54%。CTA与MPI两者在狭窄≥70%的患者中有着较高的一致性,而在狭窄在50%~70%的患者中两者的结果差异较大。
同时本研究发现在CTA正常而MPI异常的8例患者中,6例患者合并有糖尿病,其中3例同时合并有高血压,另外2例中有1例高血压,8例患者均有血脂异常。这可能与糖尿病、高血压引起的冠状动脉微小血管病变有关。因此在这类患者中MPI有着较高的应用价值,能够更加准确地评价心肌的供血状况。
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