In the 21st century , the British production capacity of enterprises and industrial scale has been an unprecedented development, but in technology and innovation capacity lags far behind developed countries. Business Innovation now has become a major driver of economic growth in all countries , the British companies must enhance independent innovation capability , enhance independent innovation capability based on promoting the development . Only by strengthening the dominant position of technological innovation , the establishment of enterprises as the mainstay, market-oriented research that combines technological innovation system , the formation of independent innovation of the basic institutional framework in order to promote the healthy development of the national economy . American SMEs are the main business of independent innovation , especially in promoting technological progress and innovation highlights certain advantages. The U.S. government through the development of relevant laws, fiscal and tax policies , and to coordinate the cooperation between all sectors of society and other means , and vigorously promote and facilitate the progress of scientific and technological innovation of SMEs , making the achievement of national innovation program's main strength. This article attempts to sort out the U.S. policy to support SMEs technological innovation system, refine its analysis of the main features of SMEs in the UK trying to provide useful scientific and technological innovation policy reference.
进入21世纪以来,英国企业的生产能力和产业规模得到了空前的发展,但在技术和创新能力上却远远落后于发达国家。企业创新现已经成为各国经济增长的主要推动力,英国企业必须提高自主创新能力,立足增强自主创新能力推动发展。
First, the United States supports the major policy innovation for SMEs一、美国支持中小企业科技创新的主要政策
( A ) legislative support policy
The U.S. government on legislative support SME innovation activities for SMEs to carry out technological innovation, improve self- innovation capability provides comprehensive legal protection. In 1982, the U.S. Congress passed the " Small Business Innovation Development Act " in order to encourage SMEs to improve the technical level , increase innovation , and promote the transformation of technological innovations . To the " Small Business Innovation Development Act " as the core , the U.S. government has gradually introduced a series of laws and regulations, such as " Stevenson one Huai Tele Innovation Act ", " National Competition Technology Transfer Act ," " Federal Technology Transfer Act," "Patent Law" , "Intellectual Property law," " trademark Law ", " anti-monopoly law " and the establishment of a multi-faceted , multi-angle legal system . These laws and regulations will be established technological innovation and solve the employment of two functions for SMEs , the SME 's establishment and implementation of technology projects , technology transfer, technology promotion , intellectual property protection and other aspects of a comprehensive specification.
美国政府对中小企业创新活动的立法支持,为中小企业开展技术创新、提高自我创新能力提供了全面的法律保障。1982年,美国国会通过《小企业创新发展法》,以鼓励中小企业提高技术水平、加大创新力度、推进技术创新成果的转化。
( Two ) fiscal support policies
1 special financial subsidies. The U.S. government through the establishment of a special government agency or department of the SME innovation management and supervision activities , the assessment of compliance with the relevant conditions of enterprises , to give special subsidies . Government departments in accordance with a certain proportion of SME innovation and development program to provide funds for aid SMEs in technological innovation, such as the establishment of the " SME Entrepreneurship Fund" on the provisions of the National Science Foundation and the National Research and development expenses 10 % to be used for scientific and technological innovation in support of SMEs . Meanwhile , the federal government in 1983 and 1994 respectively, the establishment of small enterprises' technological innovation bonus items (SBTR) and Small Business Technology Transfer Awards Program (STTR) , so as to set up small enterprises financial subsidies reward technological innovation projects , SME Technology innovation and technology transfer to impose financial support.
(2) low-interest loans fiscal policy . As SMEs in the financing system is always in a weak position , it is difficult to get loans from commercial banks , even if they can apply for business loans, have to bear higher interest costs, therefore , the U.S. government to provide low-interest loans to SMEs expenditure to resolve the financial difficulties innovation activities . Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIC), is through the federal government to small business investment companies to provide preferential low-interest loans , and then by the Small Business Investment Company to risk investment approach to SME investments , hundreds of thousands of U.S. SME development and growth provides a strong financial support, including now developed into a large enterprise Apple Computer , FedEx and Intel, Microsoft , etc. have been through the appropriate financial assistance.
3 financial security policies . Ie, a weak infrastructure for SME credit characteristics , the way to build government-funded credit guarantees or insurance institutions , the establishment of SME credit guarantee system . U.S. credit guarantee system for small businesses the most complete to the Small Business Administration to provide credit guarantees are subject to local governments and communities to assist regional credit guarantee for SMEs credit guarantee loans to stimulate commercial bank lending . In addition, the Small Business Administration also provide SMEs with international trade loan guarantees , export risk guarantees and other guarantees . It is worth mentioning that, in order to encourage financial institutions to provide loans to SMEs and investment , the U.S. government allowed to provide loans to small businesses and financial institutions in the market right freely traded government guarantees , in order to improve the profitability of capital and liquidity .
4 tax policies. Inclined to SMEs tax policy , especially for SMEs technological innovation activities impose tax incentives, encourage enterprises to increase the U.S. government 's main policy technological input means. U.S. tax law to various research institutions are defined as " non-profit organizations " , eliminating their tax liability. 1986 United States to develop the " Internal Revenue Law" stipulates that those who appear R & D expenditures have increased over the previous year, commercial companies and organizations are available to the equivalent of 20% of new value-added tax . In addition, tax incentives for venture capital in the United States to support SMEs technological innovation a big strategic decision to provide 60% of total venture capital may be exempt from income tax , and the venture capital tax rate from 49% in 1970 down to the present 20%.
( Three ) innovative services to support policy
1 . The creation of innovative services. Social innovation service system consists of multi-level innovative services agencies , the United States in advancing the process of technological innovation of SMEs , and gradually establish a series of innovative services. Such as SME innovation service system, that is by the government departments, the government integrated service agencies , industry associations and non-governmental organizations constituted four levels through the establishment and implementation of government programs to promote technology transfer of technology to SMEs and its technical innovation activities to create a favorable environment for development.
2 . Information consulting and intermediary support . SME Technology Innovation is the key to technological information and economic timely access to information , the U.S. government in the information consulting for small and medium enterprises to provide a strong support. If the federal government established the Small Business Information Center , regularly published market developments, to small businesses with technical innovation aspects of computer hardware , software and consulting and other information.
3 Technical service mediation support . In order to change the development of SMEs ignore innovation and R & D , the blind pursuit of short-term effects of inertia, the U.S. government to provide a range of technical support services, to promote the development and utilization of innovative technologies , transfer and result oriented . The federal government under the " Federal Technology Innovation Act," the Ministry of Commerce set up " technology utilizes the Federal Center ," and in various national laboratories established the " Office of Research and Technology Applications ", the establishment of industrial technology center, to the industry , especially small private enterprises to provide technical assistance and support services. Meanwhile , the U.S. government established the " incubator" ( also known as the Technology Innovation Center or technical service center ) by the government and intermediary organizations to small businesses in the start-up stage and holding scientific research to provide scientific and technical personnel place to solve the funding supplemented by full- faceted services to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into commodities .
Second, the United States supports the characteristics of SME Technology Innovation Policy
U.S. government policy to support SMEs in technological innovation is complex and comprehensive , but still in the adjustment state. Overall, the performance of these policies to support SMEs technological innovation in the United States on several notable features :
( A ) in order to improve the legal system is based on the premise support
In order to technological innovation of SMEs into national economic development of the main framework, and provide effective legal protection , the U.S. government through the development of specific laws and programs , implemented a series of initiatives to improve the relevant legislation to support SMEs of technological innovation. This has become to promote scientific and technological innovation activities of SMEs foundation and prerequisite. U.S. technology legislation is very complete , has formed a set of scientific and technological innovation for SMEs legal system . The system establishes a Basic Law - " Small Business Innovation Development Act " as the core , and to encourage technological innovation and implementation of a series of transformation laws for the support, technological innovation for SMEs to provide all-round, multi-angle legal protection . Such as the development of antitrust law for SMEs to encourage technological innovation to create a competitive and healthy environment ; strict enforcement of intellectual property protection laws , to protect the participation of SMEs in the fundamental interests of scientific and technological innovation ; scope also includes other patents, technology transfer and trademarks. Meanwhile, the U.S. Small Business Innovation Act of system is not done overnight, immutable, on the contrary, its formation has undergone a constantly adjust and enrich the dynamic process of SMEs to carry out technological innovation based on practical experience and problems, to further improve its existing legal regulations, and add substantial new legislative norms .
U.S. legal support SMEs technological innovation , but also for the successful implementation of the government plan to implement specific innovative projects to provide a legal basis. So far, the U.S. Small Business Administration implemented an effective plan the most significant innovation is the Technology Innovation Award (SBIR), to encourage SMEs to use their own technology to achieve its innovation potential market , and promote innovative technologies, products and service system formation. The plan is based on the " Small Business Innovation Development Act " in 1983 began to implement. In addition, according to the United States Congress in 1992 implementation of the " strengthening of the Small Business Research and Development Act " in 1994 to promote the implementation of an experimental Small Business Technology Transfer Awards Program (STTR), so as to promote SMEs and non-profit research institutions collaboration and innovative technology transfer to small businesses in order to achieve the development of public-private sector cooperation . It should be said , in the SME innovation system within the framework of the bill , the U.S. government 's innovative programs and projects was implemented smoothly .
( Two ) to improve the innovation system as a key means of financing
SME development is the biggest obstacle in the process of financing difficulties , which is determined by its own credit status and financing system in the weak position of the decision, particularly in the scientific and technological innovation activities , as business risk , can be secured property is limited, and more it is difficult to obtain the relevant financial support, a serious impediment to innovation activities of SMEs . Therefore , in order to safeguard the interests of small and medium enterprises , give full play to its important role in the economy , the U.S. government use of fiscal and tax policies to improve innovative SMEs financing system , which is the U.S. policy to support SMEs technological innovation is an important feature .
U.S. government through special financial subsidies and low-interest loans for SMEs financial innovation to provide direct financial support to promote small and medium enterprises to become a powerful driving force of technological progress , but due to the lack of government subsidies object selection mechanism of market competition , the long-term effects of direct financial subsidies not ideal, therefore , the current U.S. government pay more attention to innovation policy -making indirect financial support to SMEs , to enable SMEs to technological innovation funding needs are met in accordance with the market rules of competition . For example, policies to improve the financial security of SMEs credit rating for SMEs and commercial banks and other financial institutions set up between a good bridge financing , especially government guarantees the realization of the right to liquidity , lending further improve the liquidity of the bank's assets , reducing their operational risks , to a certain extent, stimulate commercial bank lending behavior . However, the same as a corporate bank , business objective is to ensure the safety and profitability, he is bound borrowing enterprise project on the detailed study and analysis on the basis of decision-making , the lack of market potential for those items will not be alone government loan guarantees to rush .
In addition , the U.S. government 's policy to promote scientific and technological innovation in small and medium enterprises pay more attention to the use of risk investment mechanism , in addition to direct financial participation venture outside , but the main thing is to help support and safeguards to correctly guide private investment into the venture capital industry , the full idle funds to mobilize social forces . For example , the implementation of tax incentives for venture capital ; tech industry Ventures relax listing requirements required to enable early venture capital firm can raise risk capital from the stock market , etc. ; tech government through government procurement policies , risk enterprise with limited antitrust exemption and other risk mitigation enterprise market risk and technical risks . Since the 1980s the U.S. high-tech venture capital for SMEs is developing very rapidly, and it is precisely because the U.S. venture capital industry is booming , innovative SMEs in the early stages of development in order to obtain sufficient funds to support and continue to grow and become a U.S. scientific and technological innovation force.
( Three ) to create innovative service system for the strong support
Emphasis on innovation service system service functions to support SME innovation policies in the United States is another important feature. SMEs technological innovation requires not only adequate legal basis and adequate funding support, but also need access to information , technology transfer , and achievement of results and other aspects of comprehensive services. In the United States support for SMEs to carry out technological innovation policy , innovation service system has become an indispensable component. U.S. SME innovation service system , reflects the will of the whole society in the government under the auspices of an organization to promote mutual coordination mechanism to promote the rational pision of labor between the various main and partner relationship building . Clear all kinds of intermediary service organizations main function is to coordinate the various innovative relationship between organizations and institutions to form a cooperative network interaction , and promote the integration of knowledge and resources , transfer and sharing . Technological innovation activities require participants to have completed by the parties , the university is the subject of basic research , national and private research institutions are subject to further research and development , commercialization and technological achievements SMEs are the subject of other types of intermediary service organizations ( information consulting , financing , legal advice , etc. ) are subject to accelerate the promotion of innovative technologies , each subject in the innovation service system to establish mutual coordination mechanisms to promote innovation , research and development of SMEs by reducing the cost of inputs , the process of technological innovation lubrication , so that the original do not contact each other in public , private and academia together to gradually adapt to the development of three areas , the formation of three-pronged research technological innovation and development alliance.
Third, the UK innovation policy environment for SMEs
Since the 20th century, 80 years , the British government has implemented a series of policies and measures specifically for supporting SMEs technology innovation, including planning Spark Program and Torch Program two planned class project , the establishment of Productivity Promotion Center , the technology market and SME incubator three bases ; established SME Technology Fund, and the establishment of SME credit guarantee institutions. These policy measures to be implemented from the proposed reflects the UK government 's policy on scientific and technological innovation -oriented SMEs , also largely contributed to the process of technological innovation of SMEs . But from a practical point of view, the current UK policy environment for SMEs technological innovation there are still some common problems .
( A ) SME innovation support and guide policy remained inadequate
As technological innovation capability and the developed countries there is an objective difference , fundamental technological development UK companies adopt a " catching-up " strategy, which focuses on mainstream technology developed advanced technology learning, imitation and the introduction of long-term manufacturing passively adapt to the world the rapid transfer of industrial processing sectors demand , but can not afford occupy the world's industrial and technological innovation strategic frontier . Such an objective fact as British enterprises, especially small and medium private enterprises for independent innovation the biggest obstacle . Current UK policy on SMEs innovation support and guidance is still insufficient , mainly for lack of proper evaluation system and regulatory policy basis for different topics and projects can not be innovative and flexible input method using appropriate resources , investment in innovation guide is not in place , resulting in small and medium enterprises can not accurately grasp the direction of research and innovation , investment duplication , waste of resources as well as the negative impact of innovation lag .
( Two ) to support the participation of SMEs in technological innovation the main location is not clear
SMEs technological innovation requires the active cooperation of all participants and support in order to successfully advance . But now, the UK 's technological development in the main location is not clear , or even absence . First of all, this should be used as policy development, science and technology project planning, promoting guidance, budgetary , organizational support, and supervision of public service principal central and local government , confined to finance budget functions ; Secondly, should bear the technological research and development function of scientific research institutes, institutions because of its mechanism , the leaders appointed by the old mechanism , market players do not have the condition , not an independent legal entity eligible to participate in innovation system ; while SMEs themselves the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements should be used as the main body , but because of the scale of the resulting structure and ownership and financing of disadvantaged and widespread discrimination faced by lack of information , lack of talent and lack of funding dilemma , the parties can not mobilize joint research resources , technological innovation is difficult to carry the heavy responsibility .
( Three ) innovative SMEs various service agencies coordinate policies in the absence of state
Co-operation with various service agencies SMEs technological innovation lubricant , to be able to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements to reduce costs and improve efficiency. And because the British long-established geographical segmentation and administrative pision situation , resulting in a technological resource allocation is not balanced , the prevalence of technology professionals , science and technology projects , technology equipment and other resources, and units of departmentalization , coordination and cooperation between agencies is not efficient , the lack of relevant policy constraints , is a direct result of the high cost of technology , resources, low levels of consumption serious financial allocations although increasing, but with little success.
( Four ) role in promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements to be improved
In the UK the traditional planned economy period, and outcomes research plans and arrangements by the state unified , scientific research applications that are determined by the national plan instruction . After entering the market economy stage , the guiding role of the market mechanism replaces the planning mechanism , the formation of scientific research from research to conversion , the output of the value chain layout. However, the traditional transformation mechanism is not completely transformed into market-oriented operation , coupled with the lack achievements in the promotion of an effective policy arrangements , resulting in a large number of scientific research after the advent of a long period of "shelving " and " gravity " state , resulting in large waste of resources.
( Five ) Financing SME innovation policy support to be improved
Although in recent years the policy of financing support for SMEs constant introduction of government financial support for SMEs continue to strengthen , but in the financing environment for SMEs in a vulnerable position , especially in the larger operational risks still facing innovative SMEs more serious financing bottleneck. The reason there are three main areas, first , to establish a credit rating system for SMEs has not been the lack of sufficient credit resources , credit concept of weak , causing financial institutions to lend will is not strong ; Secondly, financing channels narrow , capital markets lack hierarchy, for small and medium enterprises to enter overqualified , basically unable to achieve equity financing through the capital market ; Third, financial institutions, serving a single species , it is difficult to meet the funding needs of SMEs flexible , innovative SMEs are not for high-risk, high-potential characteristics design products , the formation of the state of financial services supply and demand imbalance .
December 2007 , according to the 2006 State Council promulgated the "Long-term Scientific and Technological Development Plan ( 2006-2020 ) " and " the State Council on the implementation of the CPC Central Committee and Technology Plan enhance independent innovation capability of decision" , the National Development and Reform Commission , Ministry of Science Ministry of Finance and other 12 departments jointly developed "on the support of a number of SME Technology Innovation Policy " ( hereinafter referred to as the "Policy" ) , defined the country 's multifaceted support SMEs technology innovation policy for SMEs to carry out technological innovation has opened the UK a new policy environment. "Policy" relates to tax incentives , government procurement incentives, investment and financing incentives, innovation and personnel incentives , the establishment of information network service system policy arrangements such as multi-angle , you encourage independent innovation, strengthen investment and financing support for technological innovation , the establishment of technical innovation service system and a sound security measures four aspects of policy made detailed provisions , trying to establish and improve the policy support system to further achieve leapfrog development of SMEs , to achieve " innovation-oriented country " strategic objective .
Fourth, the United States supports SME Technology Innovation Policy Implications
From the global perspective, the U.S. policy of support for SMEs technological innovation achieved remarkable results, its policy support system is formed by experienced national implementing innovative strategies useful reference. For UK SMEs in technological innovation in the face of the policy environment , we can learn from the United States to support SME innovation policy be inspired , to further improve the UK 's SME innovation policies .
( A ) establish a comprehensive legal support SMEs technology innovation system, increase efforts to protect the interests of small and medium enterprises
Sound legal support system is to promote scientific and technological innovation of SMEs and obtain a necessary prerequisite for sustainable development and security . From the U.S. experience, currently we urgently need to create a specific legal support SMEs technological innovation system, so that the implementation of innovative projects and innovative activities rules to follow to maximize the protection of SMEs interests. Ask the government on the basis of existing laws and regulations , establish a private enterprise to promote and support the development of the Basic Law , a clear legal status of private enterprises should seriously clean discriminatory policies and regulations and systems ; the other hand, SMEs scientific and technological innovation to integrate the relevant policies and regulations , norms, establish a sound legal support system , such as the introduction of technological innovation in order to strengthen protection of intellectual property law , the establishment of antitrust law in order to promote fair competition , the development of law in order to promote technology transfer and technological achievements and so on. Meanwhile, according to the technological innovation of SMEs practical problems , policy makers also need to be timely and relevant laws and regulations to adjust effectively to make changes to adapt to the new situation .
( Two ) to improve SME financing mechanisms of technological innovation and effective solutions to SME financing bottlenecks
In order to solve the financing problems of SMEs technological innovation , the government should direct and indirect financial subsidies to support the two -pronged approach to fiscal policy , in particular, should pay more attention to the market mechanism in the financing problems of SMEs role to play, through the effects of fiscal policy to support and promote SMEs in their financing capabilities. Specifically, to solve the financing problems of SMEs technological innovation , policy support can be considered :
1 . Increase financial subsidies to SMEs , emphasizing both basic research and applied research , innovation and investment for SMEs to provide support and incentives to increase their sense of innovation and initiative.
(2) improve government procurement for SME 's inclination to inspire participation in development and application of high-tech private enterprises , technological innovation and reduce the exposure to market risk.
3 further adjust the behavior of the SME innovation tax policy, technological innovation and research for the creation of favorable taxation policies should be given to support the implementation of the tax benefits of greater intensity and R & D costs tax deductible .
4 further improve SME guarantee mechanism , on the one hand , give full play to the role of the government's financial guarantees , risk -sharing financing of SMEs to effectively guide the Bank 's willingness to participate in technological innovation of SMEs , and promote cooperation between banks ; hand, through tax incentives, risk compensation and other policies to encourage and guide guarantee institutions for SMEs technology innovation to provide support.
5 Strengthening improve financial services to encourage commercial banks to increase according to characteristics of SME innovation of financial products innovation, and promote the building of SME credit rating system .
6 . Accelerate the development of SMEs, investment companies , small and medium enterprises to increase investment in innovation policy support and risk compensation , risk investment mechanism to promote positive role to play.
7 . Actively promote the establishment of SME GEM , to encourage SMEs to public financing, thereby expanding financing channels.
( Three ) improve SMEs technological innovation service support system , coordinating all parties involved in the main interaction mechanism
Learn from the United States to establish scientific and technological innovation service support system for SMEs successful experience , the British government should be in the leading role, and gradually establish an effective system of innovation service system for SMEs technological innovation to create a favorable environment .
1 vigorously promote British SME information and networking services, from SMEs to improve the basic conditions of informatization construction to start , to establish a nationwide network of technical services industry , providing timely and comprehensive economic information and technical information.
(2) establish advisory services company and SME development center for technological innovation activities of private enterprises to provide guidance , advice and help to promote the commercialization and industrialization of scientific research .
3 to improve business innovation research institutes in the participation, in terms of policy coordination mechanisms established under the university - government - the triple interaction between enterprises , while encouraging Chinese domestic R & D entities full use of international research infrastructure for international cooperation to improve the efficiency of innovation , improve research technology innovation alliance system .
In addition , it should be highlighted that SMEs technological innovation policy development and changes need to be synchronized in order to ensure the timeliness and policy maneuverability , moreover, need the government improve and perfect the technology innovation policy implementation and monitoring mechanisms to ensure that policies effectiveness of implementation and objective feedback to further provide the basis for policy adjustments .