教育Essay范例
Parental responsibilities start soon after the birth and play a significant role and leave an impact on child’s overall life. Most of the parents usually develop their own parenting style usually based upon amalgamation of factors such as children’s temperament and parenting style influenced by their own upbringing, what they observed in other families, what they have been trained and the surrounding culture. There is no hard and fast rule about parenting. It usually evolves with the passage of time as children grow up and develop their personalities. The quality of parenting is an important influence on children’s intellectual, emotional and social development ( Nevid, 2009). How parents put in effort to respond and correct their children greatly impacts how they progress inpidually and socially. A child’s development process is influenced by several factors, for instance, the people and situations he comes into close contact and interaction. Parent’s influence is the greatest on a child’s development. The positivity as well as negativity in a child’s attitude and behavior is because of parents brought up and parenting style.
父母的责任在孩子出生后不久就开始了，并发挥着重要的作用，对孩子的整体生活产生影响。大多数父母通常形成自己的教养方式，通常是基于孩子的性格和教养方式等因素的综合，这些因素受自己的教养方式的影响，他们在其他家庭中观察到的东西，他们接受的训练和周围的文化。在育儿方面没有严格的规定。它通常随着孩子们的成长和个性的发展而演变。育儿质量对儿童的智力、情感和社会发展具有重要影响(Nevid, 2009)。父母如何努力回应和纠正他们的孩子在很大程度上影响他们的个人和社会进步。一个孩子的发展过程受到几个因素的影响，例如，他接触和互动的人和环境。父母对孩子的成长影响最大。孩子的态度和行为中的积极和消极是由父母的教养方式和教养方式决定的。
In 1960’s a very famous theory about parenting was developed by Diana Baumrind. This theory was based upon three parenting style named authoritative, permissive and authoritarian. Later, another vital factor named uninvolved was added by Maccoby and Martin. Diana adopted a broad and well managed way to study on more than 100 preschool-age children. She used several approaches using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods. This broad study helped her to figure out and recognize four important aspects of parenting which include disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication styles and expectation of maturity and control. The three parenting styles found out by Diana were based upon these dimensions.
According to authoritarian parenting style, parents expect their children to strictly follow the rules and regulations set by them. Parents tend to punish their children if they fail to obey them. Authoritarian parents fail to give any explanation or reason for the rules imposed by them. If a child asks for explanation, the simple reply is, “Because I said so.” Usually these parents are less responsive and have high demands and expectations. According to Baumrind, these parents “are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation” ( Rosenfeld, 2007). Such parents expect complete cooperation from their children and are not at all tolerant about the rules and regulations set by them. They expect maturity on the part of children and are very less interactive with their children. Children of such parents are usually focused in studies and tend to make good grades. They develop the habit of staying out of troubles. A negative impact of this parenting style is that the children are not socially developed as they are never motivated and encouraged to give and develop opinions. They are shy and unconfident, and lack decision making power. This make them less interactive and negatively affect their decision making power.
在权威型的教育方式下，父母希望他们的孩子严格遵守他们制定的规章制度。如果孩子不听话，父母往往会惩罚他们。权威型父母对他们强加的规则没有给出任何解释或理由。如果孩子要求解释，简单的回答是:“因为我这么说的。”通常这些父母反应迟钝，要求和期望很高。根据鲍姆林德的说法，这些父母“是服从和地位导向的，期望他们的命令在没有解释的情况下被服从”(罗森菲尔德，2007)。这样的父母期望他们的孩子完全合作，对他们制定的规章制度一点也不宽容。他们期望孩子们成熟，很少与他们的孩子互动。这样的父母的孩子通常专注于学习，往往取得好成绩。他们养成了远离麻烦的习惯。这种育儿方式的一个负面影响是，孩子们没有社交能力，因为他们从来没有动力和鼓励去发表意见和发展意见。他们害羞，缺乏自信，缺乏决策权。这使得他们的互动减少，并对他们的决策能力产生负面影响。
Second parenting style is known as authoritative parenting. This is a relatively democratic style of parenting as the parents are responsive and receptive towards their children. They are usually willing to respond to the questions of their children. Moreover, they are more encouraging and forgiving parents rather than punishing ones in case the child does not come up to their expectation. Baumrind suggests that these parents “monitor and communicate clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are forceful, but not aggressive and restrictive. The disciplinary methods adopted by them are supportive. They want their children to be confident as well as socially responsible ( Rosenfeld, 2007). This style ensures healthy development among children because they are taught to abide by rules and regulations in a positive way. They are allowed to asked questions and develop personal opinions. Children of such parents are socially interactive and confident as they have the habit of developing opinions. They are self-assured.
Third parenting style suggested by Baumrind is known as Permissive parenting. These types of parents are often referred as tolerant parents and they tend to make fewer demands to their children. These parents are less concerned about disciplining their children as they have low expectations of adulthood and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents “are more receptive than demanding. They are less concerned about culture and are soft. They do not require mature attitude, allow significant self-regulation, and avoid conflict” ( Rosenfeld, 2007). They are friendly with their children. Parents in this case intend to be their child’s friend then being a disciplinary figure. Parent-children communication is encouraged. Children raised by indulgent parents have developed self-confidence, healthier social skills and lower levels of depression. All these factors in turn develop a positive and optimistic attitude in inpiduals. The negative impact of such parenting style is that a child’s emotional development is harmed and damaged. He does not matures in this area.
鲍姆林德提出的第三种养育方式被称为“纵容型养育”。这种类型的父母通常被称为宽容的父母，他们对孩子的要求往往较少。这些父母不太关心管教孩子，因为他们对孩子长大成人和自我控制的期望很低。根据鲍姆林德的说法，宽容的父母“更乐于接受而不是苛求。”他们不太关心文化，而且很软弱。他们不需要成熟的态度，允许重要的自我调节，避免冲突”(罗森菲尔德，2007)。他们对自己的孩子很友好。在这种情况下，父母想要成为孩子的朋友，然后成为纪律人员。鼓励亲子交流。被溺爱的父母养大的孩子拥有自信、更健康的社交技能，抑郁的程度也更低。所有这些因素反过来在个人中发展积极和乐观的态度。这种育儿方式的负面影响是，孩子的情感发展受到伤害和破坏。他在这方面还不成熟。
Last category of parenting added by Maccoby and Martin is known as uninvolved parenting. These parents are usually less demanding, less communicative and less responsive. They manage to fulfill the basic needs and necessities of their children but overall, they are less attached to their children. In some cases, these parents are ignorant to the extent that they may even ignore the needs and necessities of their children. Such parents are ambivalent to their child’s necessities and desires. They are neglectful about their children. As parents are less demanding and do not intend to make rules for their children, hence children lack communication, encouragement and praise. Children of such parents develop negative features in their personalities and lack confidence. They are not socially active and confident because less compliance demand by parents stunts their social growth. They are never educated about handling different situations, hence cognitive growth is negatively affected.
These parenting styles have a significant impact on children’s psychology. The study of 100 preschool children helped Baumrind to develop the impact of parenting on children. For instance, Authoritarian parenting styles normally result in obedient and respectful children, who are quiet skillful, but they rank lower in happiness and social capability. On the contrary, Authoritative parenting style results in happy and socially capable children. Thirdly, Permissive parenting often results in children who face problems with power and usually show poor and weak performance in school. Lastly, uninvolved parenting styles have the lowest rank among all the categories of parenting. As these children are ignored by the parents so they grow as inpiduals with less self-control, low self-esteem and are less capable and skilled as compared to their peers.
这些育儿方式对孩子的心理有重大影响。通过对100名学龄前儿童的研究，鲍姆林德发现了父母对孩子的影响。例如，权威型的教育方式通常会产生听话、恭敬的孩子，这些孩子很有技巧，但他们在幸福感和社交能力方面排名较低。相反，权威型的教育方式会让孩子快乐、有社交能力。第三，宽容的父母通常会导致孩子面临权力问题，在学校表现很差。最后，无参与式养育方式在所有养育方式中排名最低。由于这些孩子被父母忽视，所以他们成长为自制力较差、自尊心较低、与同龄人相比能力和技能较差的个体。
Another important aspect of parenting style is that the adolescent behavior is an important measure that can have a significant influence on parenting style. For instance, if a child breaks a curfew, both parents adopt a measure to deal with the child in order to enforce an action. Hence, child’s behavior has a major influence on the parenting style adopted by parents. A cooperative and motivated child is more probable to have parents who adopt an authoritative parenting attitude. On the other hand, an unhelpful, immature and careless teen may be more expected to provoke a parenting style that is authoritarian or uninvolved parenting style. Overall attitude of the child tends to evolve parenting style of the children. It is commonly practiced on the part of the parents that they change their parenting habits with time. Few parents are more rigid with elder children and less rigid with younger ones. Hence, the time period, changes in culture and environment and changes in circumstances evolves the parents as well as their parenting style.
Ethnicity is another vital aspect that can have an influence on the parenting style. It has been observed that authoritative parenting style is more prevalent among white families as compared to others. On the other hand, authoritarian parenting style seems to be more common among ethnic minority families. The basic reason behind this influence is the impact of culture and parental beliefs. For instance, ethnic minority families usually live in dangerous neighborhood’s where life isn’t secure so parents tend to adopt authoritarian behavior as it stresses upon parental control and compliance. In this scenario, this style of parenting is necessary for the safety of the children. There are other measures as well that can significantly influence the parenting style. For instance, internal factors like lack of sleep and mood, external factors such as work stress and duties and child’s personality and attitude. All these factors play a vital role on parenting style adopted by parents.
种族是影响育儿方式的另一个重要因素。据观察，权威的教育方式在白人家庭中比其他家庭更普遍。另一方面，威权式的教育方式似乎在少数民族家庭中更为普遍。这种影响背后的基本原因是文化和父母信仰的影响。例如，少数民族家庭通常生活在危险的社区，生活不安全，因此父母往往采取独裁行为，因为它强调父母的控制和服从。在这种情况下，这种育儿方式对于孩子的安全是必要的。还有其他措施也可以显著影响育儿方式。例如，内部因素如缺乏睡眠和情绪，外部因素如工作压力和职责，以及孩子的性格和态度。所有这些因素都对父母采取的教育方式起着至关重要的作用。
According to the overall study of different parenting styles authoritative parenting is considered the most effective with fruitful and positive impacts on children’s overall brought up as compared to other three parenting styles (Pressley & McCormick, 2007). Now the question arises, what makes authoritative parenting the best one among all? Many reasons can be listed such as warm and receptive attitude of the parents towards the children result in a comfortable environment at home. As the result of this comfort provided at home, children usually develop a positive approach towards life. Children of the authoritative parenting style are usually self-sufficient, self-controlled, and content, hence they have an optimistic attitude overall. They develop personal opinion; interact with peers in an effective and efficient manner. They can handle situations in a wise manner. They gain all necessary skills because of the parenting style adopted at home.
Overall surrounding and culture can have a vital impact on the parenting style. Research has shown that most of the Chinese parents adopt authoritarian parenting style ( Zimmerman & Schunk, 2011). Chines parents are strict about rules and regulations; unnecessary freedom is not granted to Chinese children and parents are usually strict about the code of conduct and ethics. One of the major reasons behind this parenting style being prevalent in Chinese parents is basically the one child policy imposed by the government. It restricts all Chinese families to have only one child. As a result of this policy, all the attention of the Chinese parents is focused on their only child, hence they want to see perfection in their upbringing and they tend to adopt this parenting style. It leaves no room for failure on the part of parents. Secondly, the culture of China promotes hard work, so parents in China intend to raise bright and intelligent children who can excel in life thus they adopt authoritarian parenting style. Thus the parenting style of China is similar to the authoritarian style of Diana Baumrind’s theory of parenting. It has the similar outcomes among Chinese children as discussed above in Baumrind’s theory. Chinese children adopt almost all the measures of Baumrind’s authoritarian theory.
教育Essay范例
同样，研究人员对408名学生进行了抽样调查，以确定加拿大普遍采用的育儿方式。通过父母权威问卷、父母互惠感知量表、社会规定量表- present版本和父母访谈，在不同量表上对学生和父母进行测量，判断他们与父母的关系，了解他们所采取的教养方式。研究表明，权威教育是加拿大普遍采用的方式(Shaw, 2008)。这项研究表明加拿大的父母更加宽容。他们似乎有权威的教育方式。加拿大人有一种相对民主的养育方式，因为父母对他们的孩子都很敏感和包容。他们通常准备好回答孩子们的问题。它们不那么惩罚性和强制性。虽然加拿大父母很关心规章制度，但如果孩子不遵守规章制度或达到父母的期望，他们会原谅。他们采取的惩戒方法是仁慈的。因此，鲍姆林德的权威育儿风格的特点似乎在加拿大文化中得到了实践。
Based on past research, all three dimensions of authoritative parenting (connection, Regulation, and autonomy granting) seem to exist in the context of Japanese culture (Golombok, 2000). There is an old Japanese proverb, “there is no treasure that surpasses a child.” Japanese hold a high respect for childhood period and consider it a cherished and valued period in the human life cycle. This way of thinking among Japanese develops thinking that children are innocent and naturally good. Environment tends to affect them in later years of life. This belief develops a view among Japanese that parenting is like caring for a plant that must be carefully cultivated, skilled and pruned as it rises. Most of the children in Japan are greatly dependent upon mothers. It is a common practice in Japan that mothers performs most of the tasks of their children which includes decision-making about hobbies, education and career paths. Thus most of the Japanese children are obedient and dutiful towards their parents. Parenting in Japan is closely associated with understanding with parents specially mothers. Most of the mothers in Japan are so close to their child that they establish a relationship wherein mother and child have a collective mind rather than two separate, inpidual minds. They use this understanding and closeness to teach their children about morals, values, ethics, and to persuade them to behave wisely. They prefer to not to use coercive methods. Some of the features of Japanese parenting style are in accordance with authoritarian parenting style of
Baumrind but it has some contrasting features as well. For instance, parents in Japan do not tend to punish their children if they fail to obey them. Rather, they use their understanding and closeness with the children to correct them. Hence, they are relatively lenient as compared to Baumrind’s authoritarian parenting style. Japanese rather apply rational parenting approach to up bring their children. In rational parenting approach, well aware Japanese moms consult child development professionals, doctors, educators, family and friends in order to make the finest choices for their children as they mature.
但它也有一些对比鲜明的特点。例如，在日本，如果孩子不听话，父母往往不会惩罚他们。相反，他们利用自己的理解和与孩子的亲密关系来纠正他们。因此，与鲍姆林德的威权式教育方式相比，他们相对宽容。日本人更倾向于采用理性的育儿方法来抚养他们的孩子。在理性的育儿方法中，懂行的日本妈妈会咨询儿童发展专业人士、医生、教育工作者、家人和朋友，以便在孩子成熟时为他们做出最好的选择。
Secondly, Nest building and feeling parenting are two usual methods practiced by modern Japanese mothers to exercise control over their child’s thinking. This helps them to develop a perfect understanding with their children. In this practice, parents tend to take keen interest in their child’s nutrition, communication, activities and even fashion. Mothers prefer to keep their children at home most of the time and avoid social and outdoor activities. They are taught to communicate fairly, regularly and solely with their mothers. This approach focuses to increase dependency while depending upon the trust and closeness the child feels toward his mother. From the study about Japanese way of parenting, it is quite evident that few of the features of parenting are in accordance to Baumrind’s authoritarian parenting style but overall, a unique method is practice by Japanese to parent the children.
On the whole, each of these parenting styles mentioned above tends to have certain influences on children’s behavior. Inconsistency in parents approach regarding the parenting behavior can be damaging for the children. Neither all parenting styles are perfectly right or completely wrong. It is a continuous lifelong job of trials and mistakes. It needs to be evolved timely with emerging situations and changed circumstances. The results are never 100 percent. All parents adopt various approaches to raise their children with no fixed rules and regulations, no written commands and no proper instructions. What works with one child at home might completely fail in case of other child at home. Even real siblings are completely different inpiduals with different habits and behaviors. Situations aroused with time impel us to act in a particular way. They impact us consciously and subconsciously. Thus parenting refers to how we were raised, when we were raised, and where we were raised. All these factors together play an important role in parenting. Parents must constantly monitor their child’s behavior and attitude and change their parenting style accordingly. Rigidity in parenting style is never advisable.
总的来说，上面提到的每一种育儿方式都对孩子的行为有一定的影响。父母在育儿方式上的不一致可能会对孩子造成伤害。并非所有的教育方式都是完全正确或完全错误的。这是一项不断尝试和犯错的终身工作。它需要随着新出现的情况和变化的情况及时发展。结果从来都不是100%。所有的父母都采取各种各样的方法来抚养他们的孩子，没有固定的规则和规章，没有书面的命令，没有适当的指示。对家里的一个孩子有效的方法可能在家里的其他孩子身上完全失效。即使是真正的兄弟姐妹也是有着不同习惯和行为的完全不同的个体。随着时间的推移而发生的情况促使我们以一种特定的方式行事。它们会有意识地和潜意识地影响我们。因此，养育子女指的是我们如何被养育，何时被养育，以及在哪里被养育。所有这些因素一起在育儿中扮演着重要的角色。父母必须经常监控孩子的行为和态度，并相应地改变他们的育儿方式。刻板的教育方式是不可取的。
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