国际贸易视角下独立哈萨克斯坦经济发展（1991-2017）分析

本文是一篇国际贸易论文，本文分析了哈萨克斯坦共和国第一任总统纳扎尔巴耶夫（Nursultan Nazarbayev）和哈萨克斯坦政府在改善哈萨克斯坦经济状况方面所采取的方案和改革的利弊，以及这些方案和改革对现代经济发展的影响。最后一章审议了哈萨克斯坦共和国以经济互动和伙伴关系为基础的对外经济举措以及哈萨克斯坦共和国对外经济战略的主要优先事项。

1. Introduction

1.1 Research background (研究背景)
In the 90 years of the XX century, the formation of new states, formerly within the framework of the unified economy of the USSR, was marked. Among them is the Republic of Kazakhstan, which became independent in 1991.
On the way to genuine sovereignty, Kazakhstan faced a number of difficulties: the economic crisis, social tension, a decline in the living standard of the population, unemployment, environmental problems. To overcome them and to know a worthy place in human society, it was necessary to solve the problems: the restructuring of the economy, its reorientation to modern high technology industries; creating a socially-oriented market based on the principle of equality of opportunity; privatization of property, price liberalization, sound investment policy; formation of the rule of law state and civil society institutions; development of culture, education, science.
On the wave of increased interest in the political and socio-economic processes in the post-Soviet space, issues related to the economic and social development of Kazakhstan in the late 20th century and early 21st centuries also became topical. Among these issues, a special place is occupied by the problem concerning the economic growth of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and its qualitative growth. The Kazakhstan economy is more based on active development of oil and gas and mineral resources. It is this resource factor that determines its most important parameters, and ensures economic growth. But on the other hand, this factor can worsen a number of quality characteristics. At the same time, the growth of Kazakhstan's GDP is largely dependent on the world's conjectural commodity markets.
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1.2. The Significance of Research (研究意义)
The novelty of this work is the development of system approaches in the study of the development of the economy of Kazakhstan since the adoption of independence.
The format of economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan is considered through various economic reforms of the country, the study of problems in economic policy, and with the use of tools of economic, sociological, historical analysis.
The purpose of this work is to determine the problems and prospects of the economy of Kazakhstan since independence and in the modern period.
Based on the purpose, the objectives of this thesis are:
(1) Describe the Kazakhstan model of the mixed economy;
(2) To consider becoming the financial and credit system of Kazakhstan;
(3) Explore a new concept of regional development in Independent Kazakhstan;
(4) Show the transformation of the national economy management system;
(5) Analyze the development of the national innovation system of Kazakhstan;
(6) Give the characteristic of social policy in the period of market reforms;
(7) To consider foreign-economic initiatives of the Republic of Kazakhstan
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2. The main stages, features and trends of formation and development of the economy of Independent Kazakhstan

2.1 Kazakhstan's mixed economy model (哈萨克斯坦的混合经济模型)
The second half of the twentieth century, heralded the global transformations in the social development in different forms of realization. There are general trends in the persity of their social and economic progress, leading to overcome class-antagonistic contradictions, to quality change the orientations and values development, balance economic and economic element in the public interest. The transformation of socio-economic relations and the formation of a new type of social system mean a qualitatively new model of management, based on global trends. The new economic model is a mixed economy.
The formation of Kazakhstan's model of mixed economy began in the conditions of economic recession caused by the break of traditional economic relations, price liberalization and other trends. In order to create a national structure of its economy, adequate to market requirements, Kazakhstan must go a long way, to determine its priorities in all directions and at all levels of society and economy. Imperatives of the Kazakhstan model of mixed economy are: the reintegration of the state and the market; recombination of property relations; the reintegration of the public and private sectors of the economy; social orientation of economy; the internationalization of the economy [1 p.1-3].
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2.2. Formation of the financial and credit system of Kazakhstan (哈萨克斯坦金融和信贷体系的形成)
During the 28-year period of its existence as an independent state, Kazakhstan has passed a difficult way of restoration and construction of a different type of socio-economic formation. Economic reforms on formation of statehood and definition of the place in a world economic system became the most significant. Today it is fashionable to note that the economic policy of Kazakhstan is an example of accounting of international experience, the theoretical conclusions and recommendations directed to successful result.
The fundamental and rapid transformation of the economy contributed to the creation of a financial system that meets basic international standards and includes theinsurance and pension services sector, the banking system, the securities market and investment funds.
As the most acceptable for emerging economy the two-level banking system was accepted. The National Bank which represents the top (first) level of a banking system became the central bank of the state. The objectives, principles of activity, legal status and powers of the National Bank are defined by the Law "On the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan". The national Bank has begun to regulate and supervise certain banking activities within its competence and has contributed to the creation of General conditions for the functioning of banks and organizations performing certain types of banking operations. The regulating and supervising functions of National bank were directed to maintenance of stability of monetary and credit system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, protection of interests of creditors of banks, their investors and clients. Discount rate, interventions in the foreign exchange market, setting standards of the minimum reserves, etc. became the main instruments of monetary policy of National bank.
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3. 危机后哈萨克斯坦经济可持续平衡发展的战略方向和机制 ............................41
3.1 哈萨克斯坦国家创新体系的发展 .................................. 41
3.2 市场改革时期的社会政策 ........................................ 50
3.3 人力资本发展政策是哈萨克斯坦创新经济形成的主要因素 ............ 57
4. 哈萨克斯坦共和国与主要亚洲国家的合作 .................................66
4.1 哈萨克斯坦共和国与中国之间的经济合作潜力 ...................... 66
4.2 哈萨克斯坦和日本：互利合作 .................................... 73
4.3 哈萨克斯坦共和国发展与大韩民国经济合作的倡议 .................. 77
5．哈萨克斯坦共和国对外经济倡议 ....................................81
5.1.哈萨克斯坦作为经济合作和伙伴关系基础的欧亚倡议 ................ 81
5.2.哈萨克斯坦共和国对外经济战略和对外贸易进出口业务的主要优先事项..................93
5.3 世界经济一体化是实施 “哈萨克斯坦-2050” 战略的先决条件 ...... 100

5. External economic initiatives of the Republic of Kazakhstan

5.1. Kazakhstan's Eurasian initiatives as a basis for economic cooperation and partnership (哈萨克斯坦作为经济合作和伙伴关系基础的欧亚倡议)
For twenty-eight years of independence in the Republic of Kazakhstan there was a full-scale transformation of society and active integration of the national economy into the world economy. There has been significant progress of the young States in the implementation of socio-economic modernization, the formation and development of an efficient market economy, the implementation of a balanced a lot of vector external policy, increase of the international authority of Kazakhstan. Indisputable and internationally recognized initiatives of the first President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev, to open communication and cooperation with neighboring countries and the international community as a whole.
Today Kazakhstan is recognized as the undisputed leader in the integration processes not only in the CIS, but in the Eurasian dimension as a whole. In recent years, the role, prestige and influence of Kazakhstan in Central Asia have increased significantly. Nur-Sultan (Astana) has proved that in certain crisis situations (change of power in Kyrgyzstan) it is able to participate almost equally in the settlement of regional crises. The reasons for the growing international weight of Kazakhstan lay in the apparent economic progress of the country, the success of the reforms, consolidation of the elites and the overall national rise in society, and in a dysfunctional situation - political, economic and international - of our neighbors in the region [34, p. 185].
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6. Conclusion

reference(omitted)