从目的论视角对比分析《一九八四》两个中译本

Chapter 1 Introduction

As cultural communication between different areas and countries becomesmore and more popular, translation plays an important role in connecting thedifferent cultures. Various translation theories are used by the choice of thetranslator. Skopos theory, as one of the important translation theories, isincreasingly popular in China. More and more scholars and translators started tostudy this theory.
This theory has developed for many years in western countries. KatharinaReiss put forward functionalist approach in Possibilities and Limitations inTranslation Criticism in 1971. Translators should put the functional feature of thetranslation first, not the equivalence. Reiss is the pioneer of functional approach.In 1978, Vermeer founded Skopos theory which was used in translation. He settranslation free from the source language, getting rid of the traditionaltext-oriented theory. He attached great significance to the intended receiver aswell as the target purpose of translation. His theory plays an important role in thedevelopment of functionalist approaches. Every translational action is guided by acertain purpose. Therefore, translators should translate in a way that ensures thefunction of the translated text to be the same as that of the source one. In 1981,Justa Holz-Manttari came up with the theory of translational action, which tendsto involve all types of intercultural transfer. This action aims to break the culturaland linguistic gap and thus convey the correct message during interculturalcommunication.
Nord introduces loyalty principle. He thinks that it is the translator'sresponsibility to balance all the elements involved and justifies his translation forone particular source text.
Skopos theory has three principles, namely, skopos principle, coherenceprinciple and loyalty principle. Skopos principle is the key one among the three.Coherence principle stresses the fluency and coherence in target language.Translation should be coherent in the translated language so that readers, usingtarget language, can understand it properly and accurately. Loyalty principle refersto the fidelity to the origin. The translation should be translated preciselycorresponding to the origin. Skopos theory, with the three principles, helpstranslators and readers to understand literature.
Nineteen Eighty-Four was written by George Orwell in 1948. It is believedone of the dystopias, together with Brave New World by Aldous Leonard Huxleyand We by Yevgeny Zamyatin. George Orwell was one of the most influentialwriters in 20thcentury. Living a short life, he composed a large number of novels,essays and critiques. 1984 is a novel full of satire. The author fought againsttotalitarianism to realize the real liberation.
Because of the special theme this novel bears, the translators need todemonstrate the core information of it when translating. Different strategiestranslators use can vary from one to another. Skopos theory has not been used tocontrast and study the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four yet. Therefore, the newperspective to analyze the novel will give readers a brand new view.
In this thesis, the author will make a contrastive study on the two Chineseversions of Nineteen Eighty-Four written by the famous British writer GeorgeOrwell from the perspective of the Skopos theory. There are five chapters whichare interrelated and organized to study the novel.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 The Definition of Skopos Theory
"Skopos" is a Greek word for purpose and was first introduced into thetranslation studies in 1970s by Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose of atranslation and of the action of translating. It is the prime principle that determinesany translation process. Nord makes a distinction between three possible kinds ofpurpose in the field of translation: the general purpose aimed at by the translatorin the translation process, the communicative purpose aimed at by the target textin the target situation and the purpose aimed at by a particular translation strategyor procedure (Nord, 2001).
Skopos Theory regards translation as a kind of human activity with specificpurposes. It puts the purposes of translation, i.e. the skopos in the first place.Instead of advocating establishing formal linguistic equivalence between thesource text and the target text，it emphasizes that the translation methods andstrategies should be determined by the intended functions of the target text in thetarget culture. Besides, it also focuses on the importance of target readers.
Translation is an intercultural communication with a specific purpose. Thepurpose of the translation activity is the key to dominate the whole translationprocess, which is the core of the Skopos theory.
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2.2 The Application of Skopos Theory
Skopos Theory regards translation as a kind of human activity with specificpurposes. It puts the purposes of translation, i.e. the skopos in the first place.Instead of advocating establishing formal linguistic equivalence between thesource text and the target text，it emphasizes that the translation methods andstrategies should be determined by the intended functions of the target text in thetarget culture. Besides, it also focuses on the importance of target readers.
Translation is an intercultural communication with a specific purpose. Thepurpose of the translation activity is the key to dominate the whole translationprocess, which is the core of the Skopos theory.
2.2.1 Studies Abroad
Before the 1970s, most of the translation theories were constructed on thebasis of the two, namely linguistics and equivalence. Faithfulness to the sourcetext or equivalence has been popular with translation theorists for a long time.Among them, Eugine A. Nida is the representative of equivalence-basedtranslation approach, distinguishing formal equivalence from dynamicequivalence in translation, formal equivalence putting emphasis on thefaithfulness to the source-text form while dynamic equivalence referring toequivalence of extra-linguistic communicative effect. Despite the translator'seffort to reach the maximum level of equivalence, the cases of non-equivalence intranslation are often found in practice due to the differences between source andtarget cultures. It is observed by translators that different situations call fordifferent rendering strategies. To quote Nord, "two procedures should be involvedin the process of translating: maintaining the form of the original text andadjusting to the target receivers." (Nord, 2001)
Then at the beginning of 1970s, translation unit became the focus oftranslation theorists, which shifted from word or phrase to the text. However, itstill belongs to the fundamental linguistic approach. For such types of pragmatictexts as product instructions and advertisements, liberal translation approach ispreferable in the translation process of the theorists of equivalence. Hence theurgent requirement of different translation strategies for different genres anddifferent translation purpose is quite obvious. As a result, a new translation theoryis called to solve the inconsistency between translation theory and practice. Thusthe Skopos theory came into being and gave brand-new insights into translation.
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Chapter 3 The Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and Its Two Chinese Versions .................... 12
3.1 Introduction to Nineteen Eighty-Four and Its Author George Orwell .................... 12
3.1.1 Introduction to Nineteen Eighty-Four ........................................ 12
3.1.2 Introduction to George Orwell ........................................... 13
3.2 Introduction to the Two Chinese Versions of Nineteen Eighty-Four ..................... 14
3.2.1 Dong Leshan and His Translation ........................................ 15
3.2.2 Liu Shaoming and His Translation ....................................... 16
3.3 The Contrastive Studies of the Two Chinese Versions ........................................... 17
3.3.1 Difference of Stress ........................................ 17
3.3.2 Difference of Language Style .................................. 22

Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study on theTwo Chinese Versions through SentenceStructure and Diction

4.1 Different Use of Sentence Structure
Every language must be structured. Different languages have different habitsand rules of sentence structure. Therefore, when English is translated into Chinese,translators will use different strategies. How the sentence is formed is the methodtranslators adopt. Different ways of translation will have perse purposes andeffects. This part will compare the sentence structure of the two Chinese versionsof Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Example 9
Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an effort toescape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the glass doors ofVictory Mansions, though not quickly enough to prevent a swirl ofgritty dust from entering along with him. (Orwell, 1961:1)温斯顿·史密斯为了要躲寒风，紧缩着脖子，很快地溜进了胜利大厦的玻璃门，不过动作不够迅速，没有能够防止一阵沙土跟着他刮着进来。(Dong, 2006:3)风势猛烈，温斯顿·史密斯低着头，下巴贴到胸前，不想冷风扑面。他以最快的速度闪进胜利大楼的玻璃门，可是狂风卷起的尘沙还是跟着他进来了。(Liu, 2013:3)
This is the beginning of the novel. The author wanted to create a gloomy anddepressing atmosphere. As is often used, atmosphere is created through images. Inthis example, “vile wind” and “a swirl of gritty dust” are the images thatrepresents the cold and lifeless day. The climatic depression is also the socialenvironment where Winston Smith is living. The word “vile” means extremelyunpleasant or evil. It embodies that the depression of the society is like theunpleasant wind slipping through everywhere.
In Dong’s translation, he translated the aim of Winston Smith’s action at first,which is “to escape the vile wind”. Then, the following actions, which are “紧缩着脖子” and “很快地溜进” serve the aim. The other part of the sentence istranslated word by word and the structure of the translation is close to the origin.Dong is loyal to the original text.
However, in Liu’s translation, he does not translate the sentence based on thesequence of the original text. First, he gives the main climatic condition which is“风势猛烈”. Second, he translate the action of Winston, and then the aim of hisaction which is “不想冷风扑面”. For the other part of the sentence, Liu starts anew sentence. He uses an affirmative sentence to describe his speed. But thephrase “not enough to prevent something from” is not presented as its ownmeaning. It is translated “可是狂风卷起的尘沙还是跟着他进来了”.
Example 10
At one end of it a colored poster, too large for indoor display, hadbeen tacked to the wall. (Orwell, 1961:1)门厅的一头，有一张彩色的招贴画钉在墙上，在室内悬挂略为显大了一些。(Dong, 2006:3)门厅一边尽头的墙上贴上一张大得本来不应在室内张贴的彩色图片。(Liu, 2013:3)
This example describes the hallway of Mansions after Winston coming in.The word “tack” means “to fasten something in place with a tack or tacks”. InDong’s translation, he first gives the place of the poster and then writes that thereis a poster. The size of it is described at last. Dong uses punctuation in thissentence to make it much clearer for understanding. However, In Liu’s translation,attribute before “彩色图片” is too long. It is awkward to read the sentence inChinese. In Chinese, if there are many attributes, they are often put after theobject to make it more concise.
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Chapter 5 Conclusion

George Orwell was an important English writer. His contribution to Englishliterature is undeniable. Because of his experience, he did not advocate war andtotalitarianism. Nineteen Eighty-Four, is a dystopian novel, published in 1949.Many terms in the book and the author has become every use to discuss privacyand national security. It is believed one of the dystopias, together with Brave NewWorld by Aldous Leonard Huxley and We by Yevgeny Zamyatin. Dystopia focuseson poverty, oppression or suffering of the society. The society in NineteenEighty-Four is a coercive and impoverished totalitarian society, controlling itspopulation through telescreen and propaganda. George Orwell wants people to beaware of the centralized power.
There are several Chinese versions of Nineteen Eighty-Four. However, twoof them are chosen in this thesis. The two chosen Chinese versions are the mostpopular ones in literature market. The different translation beliefs and aims of thetwo Chinese translators make the two versions distinctive. The thesis has analyzedthe two Chinese versions with the perspective of Skopos Theory.

Skopos Theory regards translation as a kind of human activity with specificpurposes. Instead of advocating establishing formal linguistic equivalencebetween the source text and the target text，it emphasizes that the translationmethods and strategies should be determined by the intended functions of thetarget text in the target culture. Besides, it also focuses on the importance of targetreaders. Translation is an intercultural communication with a specific purpose.The purpose of the translation activity is the key to dominate the whole translationprocess, which is the core of the Skopos theory. Skopos theory has threeprinciples, namely, skopos principle, coherence principle and loyalty principle.Skopos principle is the key one among the three. Coherence principle stresses thefluency and coherence in target language. Translation should be coherent in thetranslated language so that readers, using target language, can understand itproperly and accurately. Loyalty principle refers to the fidelity to the origin. Thetranslation should be translated precisely corresponding to the origin. Skopostheory, with the three principles, helps translators and readers to understandliterature.
The difference between the two Chinese versions is derived from distinctiveaims of the translators. Mr. Dong Leshan is the first person to introduce NineteenEighty-Four to China. In chapter 4, a lot of examples are given. The analysis ofthe difference is written as well from the perspective of the three principles underSkopos Theory.
The three principles of Skopos Theory are applied in the two Chineseversions. Different ways are used to realize their understanding of the original text.Although the two translators have different ways, their ultimate goal is to presentdifferent angles of the novel. Even though a lot of examples of the versions arelisted, there are still some limitations. All of the examples could not be listed. Thescale of the comparison can be enlarged in the future.
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参考文献（略）